著者

立田 栄光

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

化学と生物 (ISSN:0453073X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.11, pp.703-709, 1976-11-25 (Released:2009-05-25)

参考文献数

8

著者

志田 基与師

出版者

数理社会学会

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.197-209, 2003-09-30 (Released:2009-01-20)

参考文献数

10

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進化ゲーム理論を(数理)社会学に応用する際の有効性と限界とについて方法論的な議論するのがこの論文の目的である。進化ゲーム理論の特徴は古典的なゲーム理論とは異なり、プレイヤーにたいして「合理的な主体」としての解釈ないし理解を行わない点にあり、進化ゲーム理論の応用を行うことの利点も限界もそこから生じている。一方で、進化ゲーム理論には既存の社会学・社会科学の静学性や演繹予測能力の低さなどの弱点を指摘し、それを補強するという建設的な役割も期待できる。しかしながらこのような方法を社会科学にそのまま導入するならば、以下のような限界が存在することが指摘できる。(1)進化ゲーム理論の応用は社会科学における実証性という点で問題がある。少なくともそれは実証の問題を、伝統的な社会科学のそれと異なるレベルに移行させる必要がある。(2)進化ゲーム理論が想定している状況は「制度」を説明するには不十分な道具立てにならざるをえない。それは制度にたいしてアドホックな説明にしかならないからである。(3)社会科学における「合理性」の位置づけから見る限り、社会科学的な問題構成を十分に体現していない。

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.12, pp.653-670,674_2, 1955-12-01 (Released:2008-12-24)

著者

塚本 遼平

出版者

慶應義塾経済学会

雑誌

三田学会雑誌 (ISSN:00266760)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.3, pp.601(167)-620(186), 2009-10

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研究ノートI. はじめにII. 「積極的な」抵抗III. 「消極的な」逸脱および問題行動IV. 1943年以降V. おわりに

著者

大道 直人 渡邊 兼行 熊谷 健二 宇野 忍

出版者

学校法人白百合学園 仙台白百合女子大学

雑誌

仙台白百合女子大学紀要 (ISSN:13427350)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.13-28, 2011-01-31 (Released:2018-07-20)

著者

平沢 竜介

出版者

白百合女子大学言語・文学研究センター|The Shirayuri Research Center for Language and Literature|Centre d'Etudes Linguistiques et Littéraires de l'Université Shirayuri

雑誌

言語・文学研究論集 = Studies in Language and Literature (ISSN:13461036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-14, 2021-03

著者

安保 徹

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

体力科学 (ISSN:0039906X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.4, 2010 (Released:2010-04-16)

著者

三輪 晋也

出版者

日本経営学会

雑誌

日本経営学会誌 (ISSN:18820271)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.15-27, 2010-04-30 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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This paper's purpose is to examine empirically whether the increase in the number of outside directors positively impacts Japanese firms' long-term performance. Most prior research has analyzed empirically the relationship between outside directors and Japanese firms' performance by conducting cross-sectional regressions. Although those studies show that the percentage of outside directors on Japanese firms' boards is positively related to firms' performance in one year, they do not reveal how that percentage influences those firms' long-term performance. This paper investigates this relationship by using panel data for firms listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The percentage of outside directors on Japanese companies' boards generally tends to be much lower than on American boards. One reason for this difference is that many Japanese managers have been reluctant to put independent directors on boards. Despite their desire to exclude independent directors, however, such managers recently have faced demands to increase the number of independent directors from foreign institutional investors, such as investment trusts and pension funds, which seem to think that independent directors matter in terms of boards' governance. My empirical result is important for considering whether these foreign investors' demands are reasonable. My empirical analysis shows that the percentage of outside directors does not influence Japanese firms' long-term performance. This result is not consistent with the results of prior research referred to above. This might be because outside directors are not really independent of managers in Japan because those managers, rather than shareholders, actually elect them, or because those outside directors are at a disadvantage when collecting in-house information needed to make managerial decisions, compared to inside directors, who have more firm-specific knowledge. My results do not suggest that outside directors necessarily play an important role in raising firms' long-term performance, or that they are appropriate monitors of Japanese firms' management.

著者

森 肇志

出版者

世界法学会

雑誌

世界法年報 (ISSN:09170421)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, no.26, pp.167-198, 2007-03-28 (Released:2011-02-07)

参考文献数

106

著者

堀田 義太郎

出版者

立命館大学生存学研究所

雑誌

立命館生存学研究 (ISSN:24337811)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.11-19, 2020-08

著者

古山 正人

出版者

國學院大學

雑誌

國學院雜誌 = The Journal of Kokugakuin University (ISSN:02882051)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.10, pp.1-16, 2017-10

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

化学と生物 (ISSN:0453073X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.99-102, 1991-02-25 (Released:2009-05-25)

被引用文献数

2

著者

沢井 実 Sawai Minoru サワイ ミノル

出版者

大阪大学経済学会

雑誌

大阪大学経済学 (ISSN:04734548)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.1-19, 2009-06

著者

井出 利憲

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.11, pp.1087-1115, 2006-11-01 (Released:2006-11-01)

参考文献数

119

被引用文献数

7 8

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Cell proliferation is regulated through a transition between the G0 phase and cell cycle. We isolated a mammalian temperature-sensitive mutant cell line defective in the function from the G0 phase to cell cycle. Senescent human somatic cells fail to enter into the cell cycle from the G0 phase with stimulation by any growth factor. Telomere shortening was found to be a cause of cellular senescence, and reexpression of telomerase immortalized human somatic cells. Immortalized human somatic cells showed normal phenotypes and were useful not only for basic research but also for clinical and applied fields. The importance of p53 and p21 activation/induction i now well accepted in the signal transduction process from telomere shortening to growth arrest, but the precise mechanism is largely unknown as yet. We found that the MAP kinase cascade and histone acetylase have an important role in the signaling process to express p21. Tumor tissues and cells were found to have strong telomerase activity, while most normal somatic human tissues showed very weak or no activity. Telomerase activity was shown to be a good marker for early tumor diagnosis because significant telomerase activity was detected in very early tumors or even in some precancerous tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Telomere/telomerase is a candidate target for cancer chemotherapeutics, and an agent that abrogated telomere functions was found to kill tumor cells effectively by inducing apoptosis whereas it showed no effect on the viability of normal cells.

著者

田仲 一成

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.3, pp.123-141, 2021 (Released:2021-07-08)

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In Chinese drama, there are few stories of revenge. But in Japanese kabuki, there are so many that, together with stories about domestic squabbles, they form a genre. This article examines the societal background giving rise to this difference. An incident of vengeance in Ming-period Zhejiang was soon turned into drama. First recorded as “Zouzhixian Xianghuji” 鄒知県湘湖記 (“An Account of What Happened in Xianghu concerning Governor Zou”), it appeared in the Ming-dynasty section of the Nanci xulu 南詞叙録 (A Description of Southern Drama) compiled by Xu Wei 徐渭 (1521–93). This “Xianghuji” has not survived intact. But three acts from the play selected for the Fengyue jinnang 風月錦嚢 (A Brocade Bag of Romantic Stories) survive in a 1553 edition of the latter preserved in the Escorial in Spain. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

駒宮 功額

出版者

安全工学会

雑誌

安全工学 (ISSN:05704480)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.122-127, 1998-04-15 (Released:2017-04-30)

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大気圧空気の酸素分圧約160mmHgより高い高圧空気や純酸素は,大気圧空気より支燃性が強く可燃物の存在により激しい火災や爆発を生ずることがある.高圧空気が安全なエネルギーとして用いられ始めたり,酸素が生産販売されると同時に事故が発生した。日本は遅れた技術導入により,一応安全化されていたため,その危険は十分認識されていなかった.しかし1950年代に過剰酸素による火災・爆発が多発したが,技術,教育,保全などの発達により事故は激減した.ところが近年再び事故を生じているので,事例と大気空気と異なる支燃性を紹介する.

著者

キャンベル ロバート

出版者

公益財団法人 日本学術協力財団

雑誌

学術の動向 (ISSN:13423363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.4_53-4_56, 2021-04-01 (Released:2021-08-27)

著者

Jufeng Xia

出版者

International Research and Cooperation Association for Bio & Socio-Sciences Advancement

雑誌

BioScience Trends (ISSN:18817815)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020.03154, (Released:2020-05-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

4 8

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Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive. Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19. Given the fact that the testes and central nervous system are both immune privilege sites and the fact that Ebola virus and Zika virus can avoid immune clearance and continue proliferating and spreading by hiding in those sites, the question of whether SARS-CoV-2 is present in immune privilege sites, it attacks those sites, and it spreads again after proliferating in those sites needs to be investigated.

著者

太田 裕通 原 泉 神吉 紀世子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.783, pp.1367-1376, 2021-05-30 (Released:2021-05-30)

参考文献数

31

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This study aims to reveal the value of Nara Juvenile Prison other than the important cultural property architecture. Nara Juvenile Prison was established in 1908 as one of the five Meiji prisons and was renamed Nara Juvenile Prison in 1946. It is a special facility that has been used at the same site for 109 years until it closed in 2017. Furthermore, in 2017, the Nara Prison Building, which was built in the Meiji era, was designated as an important cultural property, and other parts have been demolished, and it is currently being renovated as an accommodation facility. The prison architecture as a cultural property building tends to attract attention, but it is important to evaluate the architecture, including the juvenile prison era, which occupied 70 years of the 109-year history. From the perspective of “school”, we have investigated the adaptation process of the school-like activities and spaces in the prison architecture through literature surveys, field surveys and hearings. This research deals with the rare case of prison architecture, and is highly unique in the following points. One is that we were able to understand the actual condition of Nara Juvenile Prison through a survey just after the closure, and the other is that we can understand the relationship between prison function and space by referring to the field of law. The following is a summary of each chapter.In Chapter 2, we organized general juvenile prisons based on the Ministry of Justice literature. And as a representative of general juvenile prisons, we conducted a field survey at the Kawagoe Juvenile Prison to understand the relation between activities and spaces. Chapter 3 clarified the history, land transition, and floor plans of Nara Juvenile Prison, and showed that it was a special facility that changed from prison architecture to juvenile prison. It revealed that the Nara Juvenile Prison provided superior educational guidance compared to other juvenile prisons and that the prison function was adapted in relation to the local community. Chapter 4 clarified in detail the actual usage inside and outside the prison through an interview survey. The target of the survey was 12 persons including those involved such as Former instructor, Former prison officer, Former volunteer counselor and local residents. The results obtained in the previous chapters were put together to present the multi-layered value of Nara Juvenile Prison.As a result, we could find the school-like activities in many spaces that were not designated as the important cultural properties and depict the formation of the environment and the detailed spatial composition connected with the activities, which are valuable materials. The prison architecture had spaces that could flexibly respond to "school-like" activities and its unique environment was related to its treatment based on the educational philosophy from 1946, its spatial configuration that was not seen in prisons after the end of the Taisho-era, its location on a hill in Nara City, the fact that Juvenile inmates were mostly first-time offenders, and security was good, and its acceptance by the local community.

著者

金森 務 片寄 春弘 志村 哲 井口 征士

出版者

The Society of Instrument and Control Engineers

雑誌

計測自動制御学会論文集 (ISSN:04534654)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.8, pp.735-742, 1997-08-31 (Released:2009-03-27)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2 1

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Recently a field called interactive art, where performers control multimedia interactively, has been established and new musical instruments called hyper instruments have been developed. Most of hyper instruments are focussed on western musical instruments which have been given much attention to standardization. The number of hyper instruments regarding traditional musical instruments is small due to difficulty in realizing measurement of motions or gestures which are closely related with musical expression. This paper describes Cyber-Shakuhachi, a hyper instrument for the shakuhachi. First, we sum up gesture and motion which affect expression of shakuhachi performance. Next, we describe implementation of sensors for the Cyber-Shakuhachi. We are examining the validity of the Cyber-Shakuhachi through the production of the works of computer music. The Cyber-Shakuhachi got evaluation that it contributes to the creativity through the interactive search of new expression.