2 0 0 0 OA 武蔵野話

著者
斎藤鶴磯 著
出版者
須原屋茂兵衛[ほか1名]
巻号頁・発行日
vol.[1], 1815
著者
三浦 徹
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.98, no.1, pp.1-47,141-142, 1989-01-20 (Released:2017-11-29)
被引用文献数
1

I.M.Lapidus, an American specialist of Middle Eastern history, argued that the ruling Mamluks' role of combining the 'ulama' (religious and legal scholars) and the common people into one political and social unity, was characteristic of the structure of urban society during the Mamluk dynasty. He called such a system of political and social relations the 'Mamluk regime' and insisted that it worked well even after the rise of the Ottoman dynasty. At the end of the Mamluk era, that is during the time from the accession of Sultan Qa'itbay to the decline of the dynasty (1468-1517), the state suffered from a severe financial crisis due to the decrease of iqta revenue and the increase in the payment of salaries for soldiers and civil officials. Also at that time, impoverished Mamluks often revolted against the Sultan for the fulfilment of these payments. These social instabilities forced the Mamluk state to reform its financial and military regime, which had solely depended on the iqta' system and the Mamluks. This article examines those reform policies and their influence over administration and control of cities in the Mamluk state, in an attempt to reinterpret Lapidus' thesis on the structure of urban society. First, concerning financial policy, Sultan Qa'itbay started taxation on property of citizen and waqf endowment. The state intended it to absorb the accumlated wealth in cities for the betterment of bugetary conditions. For the same purpose the state adopted a policy to take bribes at appointments of officials and to confiscate their property during their tenures of office. It accelerated both a plutocratic tendency among officials and the prevalence of bribary in the administration. This tendency was especially noticeable in the legal administration of cities. The chief judge (qadi al-qudat) appointed many legal officials such as deputy-judges (na'ib), notaries (shahid) and executors (naqib, rasul) and formed them into his own faction (jama'a). He and his party gained profits on the legal system by means of bribary, services charges and so on. In Damascus the governor (na'ib) often levied taxes on its quarters (hara). Especially on expeditions, he conscripted both the arquebusier infantries and their wages from each quarter. He adopted this policy to resolve at once the problems of the financial crisis and the defense of the city. Administrators of each quarter (arif) and the governor's subordinates, such as the majordomo (ustadar) and executive secretary (dawadar), were in charge of collecting taxes. The governor managed to rule the city by embracing these officials and private mercenaries in his faction. As for the commn people, inhabitants of each quarter took remarkable political actions. They almost overwhelmed the military power of the Mamluks in the rebellion of the year 903 / 1497 and in the revolt of 907 / 1501. It was a social group called the zu'r that set up these popular movements. They were outlaws who lived on plunder and assassination. They were employed as infantry and private merconary by the governors, while they dominated markets and stores in their quarters and prevented the governor from taxation in exchange for protection fees. In the cities at the end of the Mamluk era, both the governor, a military-executive, and the chief judge, himself a civil official, formed their own factions (jama'a) and strengthened their domains and exploitation of the people. The commom people coudn't seek shelter anywhere other than under the protection of the zu'r, who built their bases of power in each quarter. The urban society in this period was co structured that various factions and groups were struggling with each other forcibly. Lapidus began his thesis by assuming that the Mamluks, the 'ulama' and the common people were the major strata and actors in the cities.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)
著者
岡林 秀樹 杉澤 秀博 高梨 薫 中谷 陽明 柴田 博
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.6, pp.486-493, 1999-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)
参考文献数
32
被引用文献数
22 5

The purpose of this study was to extract the factor structure of coping strategies and to examine their direct and indirect effects on burnout. Eight hundred thirty four valid responses obtained from primary caregivers of impaired persons aged 65 years old and over living in the community were analyzed. The results of covariance structural analysis were as follows: Three second order factors, including “Approach”, “Avoidance, ” and “Support seeking, ” were extracted. Five factors, “Keeping their own pace, ” “Positive acceptance of caregiving role, ” “Diversion, ” “Informal support seeking, ” and “Formal support seeking, ” were extracted as first order factors. “Keeping their own pace, ” directly decreased burnout and “Diversion” indirectly decreased burnout through caregiving involvement. “Informal support seeking” directly increased burnout and “Positive acceptance of caregiving role” indirectly increased burnout through caregiving involvement.
著者
小松 光昭 松田 芳樹 石井 良夫 木暮 信一 渡辺 一弘
出版者
一般社団法人 レーザー学会
雑誌
レーザー研究 (ISSN:03870200)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.4, pp.252-258, 2007-04-15 (Released:2014-03-26)
参考文献数
22
被引用文献数
1 1

We examined the effects of Ar+ laser (457, 488, 514nm; 25, 50, 100mW) irradiation on the law of polar excitation using frog sciatic nerve. The law of polar excitation is well known, as both cathode-make-excitation (CE) and anode-break-excitation (AE) are elicited when nerves are extracellularly stimulated with a longer pulse at suprathreshold intensity. Compound action potentials (CAP) were suppressed by the laser irradiation. Furthermore, the existence of irradiation conditions (power, wavelength) for greatly suppressing AE in comparison with CE was demonstrated. Ar+ laser irradiation did not suppress conduction but did suppress generation of CAP. It seems possible that only AE generation is suppressed by local irradiation using the Ar+ laser. Since the contribution of Hyperpolarization-activated channels (Ih) to AE generation had been demonstrated and Ih expression is associated with intractable epilepsy, the present results suggest a novel LLLT for intractable epilepsy as an alternative to Ih blockers.
著者
山野井 徹
出版者
The Japan Landslide Society
雑誌
日本地すべり学会誌 (ISSN:13483986)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, no.1, pp.17-25, 2005-05-25 (Released:2010-06-28)
参考文献数
6

道路開設によって地すべり地の頭部に良好な露頭が現れ, この露頭の観察を行った。この区域での堆積物の地質学的記載を行い, 成因的に3つの相に区分した。それらの相は地すべり侵食の1サイクルとしての堆積シーケンスである。すなわち,(1) 斜面にマスムーブメントとしての地すべり事件が発生する (「事件相」の形成) 。この際, 凹凸のある低地ができて堆積の場が生ずる。 (2) 低地の凹凸は, そこに流入する水の作用が主体となって, 侵食と埋め立てが速やかに進行して平滑化が進む (「修復相」の形成) 。 (3) やがて侵食物質の供給が弱まると風成層の堆積が卓越し, ゆっくりとした堆積により表層が覆われていく (「被覆相」の形成) 。地すべり地のシーケンスや多重シーケンスを解析することにより地すべり地の詳細な履歴を知ることができる。
著者
AKIRA KATO KUNIHIKO SHINOHARA
出版者
Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences
雑誌
Mineralogical Journal (ISSN:05442540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.5, no.4, pp.276-284, 1968 (Released:2008-03-18)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
7 10

The first roquesite in Japan found in a magnetite-bearing massive chalcopyrite ore from the subvolcanic ore deposits of the Akenobe mine, Hyogo prefecture was determined by electron microprobe analysis giving Cu, 24.9; Fe, 1.8; Mn, 0.2; Zn, 0.1; In, 46.3; S, 25.7; total, 99.0%, and was studied under the ore microscope. Mineral assemblage with this specimen was found to be different from that of the original French roquesite, which may be due to the special condition of its formation, or possibly a lower Eh condition. Occurrence of some indium minerals in Japanese subvolcanic ore deposits suggests the presence of an ‘indium ore province’.
著者
吉田 康伸 濱口 純一 山田 快
出版者
法政大学スポーツ研究センター
雑誌
法政大学スポーツ研究センター紀要 = Bulletin of Sports Research Center, Hosei University (ISSN:21879168)
巻号頁・発行日
no.36, pp.93-99, 2018-03

本研究では,男子バレーボールにおける攻撃パターンの傾向について,2017 年男子ワールドグランドチャンピオンズカップの日本戦のうち,VTR 録画した10 ゲーム,34 セットを対象に,後日再生して私案の記録用紙に記録し,集計作業を行った。測定した項目は①攻撃種類の分類,②ポジション別のバックアタック,③攻撃パターンの分類で,それぞれコンビネーション攻撃の出現率,打数の出現率,決定率などを算出し,日本チームと日本チーム以外の二つを比較検討しながら考察を進めた。結果として,男子バレーボールにおいてはほぼ全てのコンビネーション攻撃の中にバックアタックを組み込んでいることが明らかになり,同時にフロントとバックプレーヤーを合わせた4 人攻撃もほぼ全てに出現していたことが明らかになった。またバックアタックは一度のコンビネーション攻撃の中で,二人のバックプレーヤーが同時にバックアタックを仕掛けるWBA の打数が多数を占めた。戦術的には日本チームとそれ以外の世界上位チームに差はみられず,既に攻撃戦術についてはこれ以上ないレベルにまで行きついている部分もあるため,今後はよりスピーディーで精度の高いプレーが求められることになると予想される。
著者
松原 康介
出版者
日本建築学会
雑誌
日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.86, no.790, pp.2799-2810, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-01)
参考文献数
32

During the French colonial period (1830–1962), Algeria saw the introduction of modern architecture and urban planning, particularly in Algiers. In the late colonial period, however, the most pressing issue was the coexistence of the ‘Colons’, who had lived in the country for several generations, and the original habitants ‘Muslims’. The late colonial period pertains to when Jacques Chevalier, who was elected mayor on the promise of ‘coexistence’, was in charge of the city of Algiers from May 1953 to May 1958 and promoted the type of urban planning he had assured. The French architect Fernand Pouillon was invited for ‘coexistence’ urban planning and realised the ‘three districts’ of Diar es-Saâda (1953), Diar el-Mahçoul (1954), and Climat de France (1959). One of the concepts of the three districts was ‘Moorish architecture’ (hispano-maurisque )—a fusion of Roman and Islamic elements —which developed in the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb region. Indeed, Pouillon tried to reflect on the unique spatial characteristics of the region as a living space for Algerians, including Muslims. However, such attempts have often been criticised for their limitations. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the three districts of Algiers, as officially advocated by Pouillon, by critically examining the location of each district, spatial composition, urban architectural elements such as ornament, the idea of symbiosis, and the process from planning to realisation. This study is a historical research. Primary sources include the minutes of the city council meetings of the time, texts, photographs, and drawings published in the city's public relations magazines and articles in architecture magazines. Additionally, several magazine articles by the Japanese Banshoya Gyoji, who was in Algiers at the time, will be used as the primary source for this paper. First, I will summarise the existing studies on Moorish architecture, especially the book, ‘Moorish Architecture in Andalusia’ and construct and present an analytical concept for the evaluation of the three districts (Chapter 2). As for the process from planning to realisation, I will use the minutes of the city council meetings published in the Bulletin Municipal de la ville d'Algers, articles on urban planning in the Bulletin and its successor, Alger Revue, as well as architecture-related sources such as Chantier and other architectural magazines (Chapter 3). This is then supplemented by Pouillon's autobiography, ‘Mémoire d’un architecte’, which is rich in content and contains his subjective but more concrete spatial ideas and value judgments (Chapter 4). As for the planning analysis, based on the above-mentioned primary data, the plan of each district is modified to create a base map, and then the photographs of each part are compared and analysed item by item (Chapter 5). In conclusion, it is clear that Pouillon advocated ‘Moorish Architecture’ in the three districts of Algiers. The planning theory was conceived based on this thought, and it was reflected to a certain extent in the realised space. The view from the slopes affronted by the Mediterranean Sea was liberating. The stone was massing, the spatial organisation of the square, the colonnade, and the market were organised on a small scale, the water and the planting were well equipped, and the human scale space and the diversity of the district were assured.
著者
並松 信久
出版者
京都産業大学
雑誌
京都産業大学論集. 社会科学系列 (ISSN:02879719)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, pp.21-49, 2018-03

食糧管理制度は,戦時下であった1942(昭和17)年の食糧管理法の制定から,約半世紀にわたり,わが国の食糧政策の根幹であり続けた。本稿はその起源を戦時体制下の食糧政策に求め,今日も続く自給をめぐる管理体制の問題を明らかにした。 1939(昭和14)年の朝鮮大旱魃をきっかけとして,わが国の食糧管理体制が構築された。この体制は外米輸入や消費規制を重視したが,食糧の供給不足が続くなかで,農林省は農家保有米の制限や配給の導入を行なった。それとともに外貨を流出せずに外米を輸入できる仕組みを整え,供給不足の解消をめざした。さらに1941(昭和16)年に食糧管理局が設置され,日米開戦後に食糧管理法が制定された。 しかし戦局の悪化に伴い,外米輸入や朝鮮・台湾からの移入が困難となった。農林省は国内自給を訴えたが,食糧管理体制は脆弱性を露呈した。この体制の維持には,農家の供出が重要となったが,その完遂は容易ではなかった。 終戦直後,食糧管理局はGHQ に対する食糧輸入の懇請を行なった。GHQ は食糧輸入を通して,日本の食糧管理に深く関与したが,国内自給を最も重視した。このためにGHQ は,食糧管理局主導の食糧管理強化を許容せざるをえなかった。これによって食糧管理局は戦後も食糧管理体制を存続・強化することになった。これが現在も続く自給率向上の強調へとつながっていった。
出版者
東京商工会議所
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第88〔3〕, 1944
著者
桑原 聡 金井 数明
出版者
医学書院
巻号頁・発行日
pp.1109-1115, 2007-10-01

はじめに 筋萎縮性側索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:ALS)は進行性に,上位および下位運動ニューロンに系統変性を来す代表的な神経難病である。その臨床症状の特徴として,筋萎縮とともに線維束性収縮(fasciculation)が挙げられる。線維束性収縮は古典的に下位運動ニューロン徴候とされてきたが,多くの神経原性筋萎縮性疾患の中で実際に広範な線維束性収縮を認めるものはALSのみであり,脊髄性筋萎縮症,頸椎症性筋萎縮症や軸索変性型ニューロパチーにおいて,線維束性収縮は稀にしかみられない。このことは線維束性収縮が筋萎縮性疾患の中でALSにかなり特異的に生じており,ALSにおける運動ニューロン死に関与している可能性を示唆している。 線維束性収縮は運動単位(運動神経軸索)の自発発射により生じる1)。したがって,ALSにおける軸索興奮性は増大していることが推定される。ほかに線維束性収縮を特徴とする代表的疾患として,Isaacs症候群と多巣性運動ニューロパチーが挙げられる。Isaacs症候群は軸索の電位依存性Kチャネルに対する自己抗体が原因であることが確立されており,この疾患でみられる線維束性収縮やミオキミアは,Kチャネルの機能低下に起因する軸索の自発あるいは反復発射である2)。K電流は基本的に外向き(outward)の電流であり,陽イオン(K+)が軸索外に出ることにより膜電位は過分極側に偏位する。すなわちK電流は,軸索興奮性にとって抑制性のコンダクタンスであるといえる。多巣性運動ニューロパチーにおける線維束性収縮のメカニズムは明らかではないが,病変部軸索の静止膜電位が脱分極側に偏位していることが仮説として提唱されている3)。軸索の自発発射を来す興奮性増大のメカニズムとして,①Naチャネル(特に持続性Naチャネル;下記参照)の活性化,②Kチャネルの機能低下,③静止膜電位の脱分極側への偏位,などが挙げられ,ALSにおける軸索興奮性にどのメカニズムが関与しているかが注目されてきた。 1990年代に英国国立神経研究所のHugh Bostockにより開発された,threshold tracking法を用いた軸索機能検査法は,1990年代後半から臨床応用が広まり,NaあるいはKチャネル機能を含めた軸索特性を非侵襲的に評価することが可能になった4,5)。この手法は,これまでパッチクランプなどの観血的な方法でしか得られなかった軸索イオンチャネルに関する情報を,簡便に得ることができる画期的な手法として普及しつつあり,英国,日本,豪州などの研究グループにより多くの報告がなされるようになっている6)。本稿ではこの方法を用いてALSにおける軸索興奮性の変化について,これまでに得られた知見について概説する。結論を先に述べると,ALSでは持続性Na電流の増大と,K電流の減少という2つの軸索特性の変化が存在し,相乗的に軸索興奮性を増大させて線維束性収縮の発生に関与していると考えられる。