著者
松本 理可子
出版者
一般財団法人 アジア政経学会
雑誌
アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.4, pp.16-32, 2016-10-31 (Released:2016-11-23)
参考文献数
42

How has Quanjude, a restaurant renowned for its Peking Duck—a local specialty of Beijing—developed in the wake of China’s economic reform? Although Quanjude is classified as a state-owned enterprise, it cannot be considered a brand that has developed only by virtue of this classification. Should the role of longstanding enterprises be considered similar to that of other state-owned enterprises? Along with many other longstanding enterprises, Quanjude was founded in the Beijing district of Qianmen, which is located in the jurisdiction of the city’s municipal government. Then, how is Quanjude viewed by the Beijing government? This study attempts to investigate the status given to longstanding enterprises by the Beijing government with reference to the two paradoxes proposed by Martin Whyte (2009) regarding “decentralization of authority” and “a return to matters rejected during the Cultural Revolution.” With a principal focus on four topics, this study undertook a detailed investigation of a broad range of materials that included statistical yearbooks as well as current articles and journals. It found that (1) brand value is protected as intellectual property through certification as a “China Time-honored Brand,” and this cultural resource is reflected in the policies of the Beijing government. (2) Apart from commercial activities, these enterprises are simultaneously engaged in activities that cannot be considered primarily profit-oriented. Although longstanding enterprises have developed on the basis of the principle of competition, they are grounded in the relationships of “mutual aid” by which large-scale enterprises drive SME firms through partnerships that enable omni-channel marketing through outlets such as brick-and-mortar stores and online shopping. (3) Areas with high concentrations of longstanding enterprises (and thus of tourism resources) represent a shared resource and therefore require certain macro controls that enable them to address the preservation of this resource. (4) Finally, the ownership and governance structure of longstanding enterprises include elements of a conglomerate structure that is conducive to effective policy implementation by the Beijing government. The Beijing government thus positions longstanding enterprises as both “commercial firms” and a “cultural industry,” while some of these firms also possess properties distinct from those of more conventional state-owned enterprises in terms of how they exercise influence by embodying businesses embedded in the community against a background of history, culture, and politics.
著者
藤原 正寛 瀧澤 弘和 池田 信夫 池尾 和人 柳川 範之 堀 宣昭 川越 敏司 石原 秀彦
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
1998

本研究ではインターネットに代表される情報化技術の進展が経済的取引のガバナンスにどのような影響を与えるのかを、近年発展してきた経済学的手法(情報の経済学、組織の経済学、メカニズム・デザイン論、ゲーム理論など)を用いて分析することを目的としている。全研究期間を通じ研究会を開催することで、情報技術の進展と拡大がどのような経路をたどって、どのような形で経済活動や経済組織に影響を与えるかについて以下のいくつかの論点に分類して分析することができた。1.情報化革命とコーポレートガバナンス--情報化技術が進展することによって、情報量の爆発、経済のスピード化、グローバル化などの現象が発生し、それによって従来とはことなるガバナンス構造を持つ経済組織が活動できるようになった。2.アーキテクチャーとモジュール化--公開されたアーキテクチャーに基づいてインターフェイスを標準化することで、各分業をモジュール化することが可能になる。それによって、分業間の取引に市場原理が導入され、より分権的な分業が可能になる。3.モジュール化とオープン化--モジュール化はバンドリングやカプセル化の総称、オープン化はインターフェイスの共通化の動きを表す。カプセル化はアーキテクチャーを所与としたときに内生的に説明できることが示された。4.ディジタル化--財・サービスのディジタル化が進むことで、複製を作ることが容易になり、財・サービスを提供する初期費用が回収できないために、事前のインセンティブと事後の効率化が矛盾してしまっている。5.コーディネーションの電子化--情報技術の進歩はプログラムによるコーディネーションを可能にさせた。
著者
平居 謙
出版者
平安女学院大学
雑誌
保育研究 (ISSN:03866246)
巻号頁・発行日
no.42, pp.13-22, 2014-03

漫画『ONE PIECE』には、旧約聖書の影響が強く感じられる。主人公ルフィとナミの2人が目的の地ラフテルに向かう構造は、ルツ(ルフィの別読み)とナオミ(ナミの一文字増し)が安息の地エフラテに至る物語の換骨奪胎であり、伝説の海賊王ゴールド・ロジャーは、バプテスマのヨハネのパロディに他ならない。『ONE PIECE』に登場する能力者「墓場のアブサロム」の原型を旧約聖書『サムエル記 II』に見出すことも可能である。また、聖書が強くアピールする自己犠牲の主題は、『ONE PIECE』を貫く中心思想でもあり、主人公ルフィやその兄エースにも、イエスキリストの影が強く投影されている。聖書という原点を知ることで、読者は今世紀の稀有な冒険物語を幾重にも享受する手掛かりを得る。

34 0 0 0 OA 女子手淫論

著者
秋元 洗二
出版者
順天堂医学会
雑誌
順天堂医学 (ISSN:00226769)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.T3, no.493, pp.67-74, 1914-01-25 (Released:2015-06-13)
著者
山内 祐平
出版者
日本教育工学会
雑誌
日本教育工学会論文誌 (ISSN:13498290)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.42125, (Released:2018-12-28)
参考文献数
37

急速な社会の変化に対応する学習のあり方としてアクティブラーニングが注目を集めている.本論文ではアクティブラーニングの歴史をまとめ,用語について定義した上で,教育方法や日本への受容過程について考察した.また,この10年間に教育工学会論文誌に掲載されたアクティブラーニングに関する研究の動向をレビューし,授業・評価・環境・支援の4領域にわたる研究が行われていることが明らかになった.これら既存の研究の課題をもとにアクティブラーニングの今後の展望について述べた.
著者
北野 雄士
出版者
大阪産業大学
雑誌
大阪産業大学人間環境論集 (ISSN:13472135)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, pp.43-65, 2008-06

The Mito Ideology became the theoretical ground of "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian Movement" in the late Tokugawa Period. The samurai class at that time was influenced by the political reforms of the Mito domain carried out by Tokugawa Nariaki, the ninth Mito Lord (daimyo), and by the late Mito Ideology of Aizawa Seishisai and Fujita Toko. Minamoto Ryoen classified the acceptance of the Mito Ideology by the samurai class of those days into three types. He cited Yokoi Shonan, a samurai of the Higo domain, as the model of its third type : the type, which accepted its royal statesmanship of economizing and the principle of basing a country's economy on agriculture, but after recognizing its limitations changed into the view of mercantilism and the opening of Japan to the world. According to Minamoto, Yokoi was in his younger age influenced by the late Mito Ideology, especially its policy of economizing and regarding agriculture as important, and later by its view of the elimination of foreigners. However since 1855 he began to vigorously criticize the political activities of Tokugawa Nariaki and the late Mito Ideology. However we still cannot clearly explain the influence of the Mito Ideology on Yokoi, because we do not fully understand its influence especially in his younger age. Therefore, in this paper I have tried to analyze its influence throughout his life. As a result, it proved that Yokoi's radical standpoint of royal statesmanship of benevolence in his younger age had been even in those days different from that of the late Mito Ideology, which had a cautious sentiment toward the people, though it formally adopted the royal statesmanship, and that on the other hand, the samurai in the Mito Domain had been important to Yokoi as his political allies untill 1855.
著者
白井 省三
出版者
中京大学
雑誌
中京大学教養論叢 (ISSN:02867982)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, no.2, pp.410-365, 1980-08-30
著者
田村 裕子
出版者
お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科
雑誌
人間文化論叢 (ISSN:13448013)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.4-1〜9, 2005

This paper notes that, in his diary, called Taiki, Fujiwara Yorinaga (1120〜1156), born in a family that produced regents/chief advisers to the Emperor during the era of rule by retired Emperors, refers to his deceased real mother as the "person of old", and its implied meaning is examined. In the background of this reference to her as the "person of old" was the existence of Minamoto Shishi, the legal wife of Tadazane, Yorinaga's father, who became Yorinaga's adoptive mother. She was something guaranteeing his legitimacy as a successor. It is this Shishi that Yorinaga identified as his mother, whom he must respect. However, the existence of his real mother was not entirely disregarded in his mind ; there are entries in his diary in which feeling of deep attachment to her can be detected. The reference to his real mother as the "person of old" represents internal fulfillment of the positioning of his two mothers, and symbolizes strong persistence in attaining the status of a regent/chief adviser to the Emperor, as well as the suppressed feelings for his real mother under that persistence, on the part of Yorinaga,\who was shortly to rush headlong toward the civil war of the Hogen era.
著者
Sean M. Rider Shuichi Mizuno James D. Kang
出版者
The Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research
雑誌
Spine Surgery and Related Research (ISSN:2432261X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.1, pp.1-11, 2019-01-25 (Released:2019-01-27)
参考文献数
179
被引用文献数
49

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a well-known cause of disability, the result of which includes neck and back pain with associated mobility limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the known molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs as a result of complex interactions of exogenous and endogenous stressors. This review will focus on some of the identified molecular changes leading to the deterioration of the extracellular matrix of both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. In addition, we will provide a summation of our current knowledge supporting the role of associated DNA and intracellular damage, cellular senescence's catabolic effects, oxidative stress, and the cell's inappropriate response to damage in contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs provides us with abundant insight into how physical and chemical changes exacerbate the degenerative process of the entire spine. Furthermore, we will describe some of the related molecular targets and therapies that may contribute to intervertebral repair and regeneration.
著者
長沼 廣 廣川 満良
出版者
日本内分泌外科学会・日本甲状腺外科学会
雑誌
日本内分泌・甲状腺外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:21869545)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.2, pp.87-89, 2018 (Released:2018-08-24)
参考文献数
9

甲状腺微小癌とは1cm以下の甲状腺悪性腫瘍で,甲状腺癌取り扱い規約第7版では乳頭癌,濾胞癌,髄様癌,低分化癌,未分化癌,その他の悪性腫瘍を含んでいる。WHO分類第4版では1)papillary microcarcinoma,2)medullary thyroid microcarcinomaのみを微小癌として取り上げている。甲状腺微小癌は乳頭癌,濾胞癌,髄様癌でもそれぞれの組織学的特徴を確認できれば,十分診断可能である。T分類の評価における微少浸潤の判定は難しい場合があるが,WHO分類第4版およびTNM分類第8版では微少浸潤を伴う微小癌はpT1aとして扱われている。日本の規約と浸潤程度の定義が異なっていることに注意する必要がある。良性疾患の中に発見される偶発癌はほとんどが微小癌で,4~10%程度の頻度で見られる。切り出しの際に肉眼的に数mmの充実性腫瘤を見つけた場合は努めて検索することが大切である。今後画像診断技術が進めば甲状腺微小癌が数多く発見されるが,境界悪性,低悪性腫瘍の概念が出ている現在では経過観察を含めた治療選択に苦慮する。