著者
足立 英彦
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2003, pp.157-166,229, 2004-10-20 (Released:2008-11-17)
参考文献数
17

Gustav Radbruch (1878-1949) presented his famous formula under the direct influence of 12 years of National Socialism. It reads: “Where there is not even an attempt at justice, where equality, the core of justice, is deliberately betrayed in the issuance of positive law, then the statute is not merely ‘false law’; it completely lacks the very nature of law.” Many scholars claim that this proposition differs from the legal philosophy expressed in his earlier works. I will argue that his legal philosophy has commonly been misinterpreted in such a way that it is apparently inconsistent with this proposition, and that when correctly interpreted, it supports the proposition. The reinterpretation presented in this paper is based on two arguments. The first concerns Radbruch's concept of law. Many scholars believe that Radbruch developed his concept of law with reference to Heinrich Rickert's “value-reference”, according to which any false statute is acknowledged as “law”. However, I will argue that Radbruch developed this concept under the guidance of Emil Lask's teleological principle. The second argument concerns Radbruch's theory about the purposes of law, and his closely interrelated notion of relativism. I will present a manuscript that Radbruch wrote for his lecture at the University of Kiel in 1919 (Gustav Radbruch. Rechtsphilosophische Tagesfragen [Current Questions of Legal Philosophy]. Ed. Hidehiko Adachi and Nils Teifke. Nomos-Verlag: Baden-Baden 2004). In this manuscript, Radbruch gave preference to what he called the “transpersonal view”, in which personality values and collective values (i. e., the values of nations) are subservient to work values. However, he added to this the argument that personalities and nations are at the same time the precondition of any true community of work. In addition, relativism, from which standpoint he developed his theory before 1919, is critically described in this paper. Pursuant to this, I will maintain that his legal philosophy after 1919 should be reinterpreted as non-relativistic and that, as argued in his proposition, any statute that completely denies one of three given values is non-law.
著者
末木 文美士
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2017, no.68, pp.81-97, 2017-04-01 (Released:2017-06-14)
参考文献数
18

After the theological turn in phenomenology, the relation between philosophy and theology has become very close. Jean-Luc Marion’s God without Being (1982) was the epoch-making work which showed the way from philosophy to theology.The subject of philosophy is not limited to manifest phenomena: the invisible is also important for our life and has to become the subject of philosophy. In this respect, it will be difficult to divide theology and philosophy.Turning to Buddhism, Imamura Hitoshi presented the idea of Buddhology in contrast to theology in Christianity. In my opinion, it will be possible to deal with the invisible in philosophy without this new field of Buddhology. Tanabe Hajime has already presented a ‘philosophy of death’, in which he discussed the existential cooperation of the living and the invisible dead. I would like to present a ‘philosophy of the manifest (ken) and the hidden (myō).’ The field of the hidden includes the dead, kami, Buddhas and other invisible aspects. Buddhism teaches the relation between the manifest and the hidden, but does not teach a transcendent God. Instead, Buddhist ideas of the dharma body, suchness and so on reveal the depth of the world of the manifest/ hidden, reminding us of the khôra of Plato and ‘place’ in Nishida Kitarō.
著者
藤本 一勇
出版者
早稲田大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2012-04-01

脱構築思想を普及させたフランスの哲学者ジャック・デリダ(1930-2004)の基礎概念である「差延」は、伝統的な哲学における時間と空間の概念を変形し、両者が一体となり循環しあう関係を示す戦略素である。この概念を軸に、言語記号、テクスト、経験、情報、テクノロジー、政治権力など広範なデリダの思想を整理・読解し、彼の多様な思考の根底を「差延」というモチーフが貫いていることを明らかにした。その結果、初期の理論的段階、中期の文学的段階、後期の政治・倫理的段階を、表面的な変化にとらわれず、一貫したものとして把握することが可能となり、翻って同時代の多様な環境との相関関係を理解することを可能にした。
著者
岡 奈理子
出版者
Yamashina Institute for Ornitology
雑誌
山階鳥類研究所研究報告 (ISSN:00440183)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.2, pp.99-108_1, 1994-10-30 (Released:2008-11-10)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
3 5

明治初期から昭和中期にかけて,日本の幾つかの海鳥繁殖地で,無秩序な採集圧が海鳥個体群を絶滅,あるいは減少させたことが知られているが,オオミズナギドリめ最大の繁殖地の一つ,伊豆七島の御蔵島では,長期にわたる島民の採集圧で個体群規模が縮少した傾向はみられない。島民がオオミズナギドリ採集を始めた時期と,個体群規模を減らさないで採集した方法とその利用法,および天然資源の持続的利用哲学を生み出した島の社会的背景を,聞き取りと文献調査で明らかにした。オオミズナギドリの御蔵島での採集利用は,文献の残る1700年代前半以降,捕獲の大幅規制が開始された1978年までの少なくとも250年間の長きにわたり,数万羽規模で毎年行われてきた。江戸時代は,島の男性が,その後は病人,幼児を除く島民全員が島の共同作業の一つとして参加した。島民はオオミズナギドリを採集するにあたり,次の主な狩猟規則を島社会の不文律として設けていた。1)雛のみ採集する。2)採集日を巣立ち期前の11月初頭の,毎年2日間(1960年以前は3日間)に限定する。3)採集日以外に巣穴に干渉して,繁殖妨害をしない。この規則に違反すると,採集した鳥は没収され,その家族と共に,以後3年間,採集を禁止された。こうした不文律の採集規則が乱獲や密猟の発生防止に大きく寄写し,数百年にわたる採集圧にも関わらず,日本でも有数の繁殖個体群規模が御蔵島に維持されたと考えられた。オオミズナギドリの秩序ある採集の背景には,生活物質の公平な配給を受ける見返りに,島のあらゆる作業を共同で行う普持米制度の伝統がある。また,独自の家株制度の施行で人口が明治初期まで比較的低く抑えられたことも,資源の食いつぶしの回避をはかる資源管理型御蔵島社会の一つの事例としてあげられる。採集された雛は,各家庭で精肉され,肉,皮,内臓,骨に至るまでのほとんどの体部が伝統的保存法で数カ月間保存され,自家消費された。一部の塩蔵肉や塩辛は隣島の三宅島島民との食料,物資の交換に使われた。島の生計は世代を継いだ全島民による営林事業が主体であったが,今世紀前半からの柘植(つげ)材の用材価値の低下につぎ,1978年からのオオミズナギドリの伝統的採集の外圧的廃止は,森林生態系の永続的利用を実践し,共生してきた村人に,伝統的な生活習慣を断っことを強い,最近にみる急傾斜地への大型道路敷設事業導入による森林破壊と,オオミズナギドリの生息地の破壊を引き起こす背景になっていることを指摘した。生態的知識に基づく自然物の秩序ある採集は,自然との共存文化として温存すべき理由を,鳥島や北海道の渡島大島などにみる出稼ぎ的採集で海鳥の繁殖個体群を衰亡させた略奪的自然利用に対峙して見いだせる。
著者
大崎 さやの
出版者
イタリア学会
雑誌
イタリア学会誌 (ISSN:03872947)
巻号頁・発行日
no.57, pp.217-238, 2007-10-20

Il Filosofo inglese, commedia composta e recitata per la prima volta nel 1754, godette fin dall'inizio di un enorme successo. E se il poeta e nobile Giorgio Baffo la critico in un poemetto in dialetto veneziano -che intensifico lo scontro tra goldonisti e chiaristi- furono invece molti quelli che scrissero in sua difesa. Dal punto di vista critico, Giuseppe Ortolani, studioso del Goldoni, non ne ebbe una grande considerazione, sostenendo che l'autore "s'era allontanato dal mondo reale che gli sorrideva intorno, per avventurarsi, come nella Sposa Persiana, fra i personaggi fittizi d'un mondo straniero, conosciuto soltanto sui libri". Parole che, pero, non spiegano il motivo per cui essa fu capace di suscitare cosi tante discussioni tra i contemporanei del Goldoni. Esiste allora una ragione, contenuta in qualche parte del testo, capace di sollecitare tanto gli animi a quel tempo? Partendo da questa domanda, ho analizzato le varie critiche fatte a questa commedia, cercando proprio di individuare una possibile causa a questo dibattito e, nello stesso tempo, di cogliere il suo significato all'interno del genere comico. Il Filosofo inglese, commedia in cinque atti ambientata a Londra, ha tre personaggi principali : il filosofo Jacobbe, la vedova Madama di Brinde e l'aristocratico Wambert. Wambert, che vuole sposare la vedova, e che in questo viene contrastato da Jacobbe. A causa di questa opposizione Wambert comincia a sospettare che Jacobbe sia segretamente innamorato di Madama di Brinde, e del resto non sa che lei stessa nutre un profondo sentimento per Jacobbe. Ma viene respinta; lei non accettera il matrimonio con Wambert, per cui nessuno coronera il proprio amore. E cosi termina la commedia, che non ha un lieto fine. Baffo, nella sua critica, giustifica il suo dispiacere affermando che non riusciva a trovare alcunche di vero nei personaggi, in particolare in Jacobbe, che non si innamora di nessuno. Per cui veniva meno il senso della commedia che, a suo dire, doveva sempre descrivere la verita. Goldoni, rispondendo alle critiche del Baffo, sostiene invece come essi abbiano questa verita, che esiste una passione in loro anche se non e evidente. Del resto, proprio su questa verita Goldoni aveva fondato la sua riforma del teatro. Nella prefazione delle sue Commedie, pubblicate dal Bettinelli nel 1750, egli, citando Les Reflexion sur la Poetique de ce temps et sur les ouvrages des poetes anciens et modernes di Rene Rapin, poeta e teorico francese, chiarisce che imitare la natura e una regola da rispettare sempre nell'opera teatrale. Don Matteo Fiecco, nella sua difesa a Goldoni, sostiene proprio questo, e cioe che il Filosofo inglese, anche se e una commedia povera di avvenimenti, "s'accosta meglio al vero, ed e piu naturale". E Ferdinando Toderini, paragonando Jacobbe con gli stoici, ne loda la capacita di stare dentro la societa, pur essendo diverso dalla gente. Questa figura del filosofo, che ha "una filosofia civile, discreta e sociabile" costituisce un vertice nell'opera di Goldoni. Inoltre, Toderini mette in rilievo come Goldoni sia riuscito a far esprimere ai suoi personaggi i loro sentimenti non tanto attraverso le parole quanto piuttosto con i gesti. E questo modo di descrivere e far "parlare" le persone, tramite gli atti, era piu realistico ed efficace che se avesse deciso di usare le sole parole. Gasparo Gozzi, fratello di Carlo e noto giornalista della "Gazzetta Veneta", ha scritto anch'egli delle opere teatrali. E contro il poemetto del Baffo, interviene lamentandosi che, purtroppo, gli spettatori si erano cosi abituati a vedere commedie in cui l'amore era portato all'eccesso, da non riuscire piu ad apprezzare quelle in cui esso si presentava in altri modi. Ora, dall'analisi di questi poemetti, emerge fin troppo chiaramente come la questione principale sia da ricondurre proprio a questa verita e alla capacita dell'autore di saperla interpretare ed esprimere. Come e noto, nella sua produzione artistica Goldoni venne influenzato dalle opere francesi, e un elemento fondamentale del teatro classico francese e la vraisemblance, cosi come ha cercato di realizzarla nel Filosofo inglese. Allo stesso modo, possiamo riconoscere in essa un altro elemento della teoria francese : la bienseance, visibile nell'equilibrio manifestato dai personaggi. Gli amori non eccessivi fra personaggi ragionevoli, con una storia senza lieto fine, sembrano cosi piu vicini alla realta e alla verita. Il Filosofo inglese rimase pero un'eccezione, anche nell'opera del Goldoni, e forse proprio nella sua eccezionalita sta la ragione del suo carattere provocatorio sulla societa del suo tempo.
著者
湯浅 泰雄
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1969, no.19, pp.108-146, 1969-03-31 (Released:2010-01-20)
参考文献数
37

It seems that the modern philosophers in Japan, Nishida, Tanabe, Watsuji and Miki, are not so interested in Confusiasm in proportion to Buddhism. They have been bred in Confusiastic education in their boyhood, and in their youth they were strongly influenced by modern European philosophy which made them critical to the feudal Confu-siastic moral in their beyhood. I think, however, the framework of their philosophical thought are based upon the Confusiastic tradition unconsciously. Unfamiliarity with the Western thought, which grew by degrees, led them back to the Eastern tradition and Buddhism. Confusiastic education in their boyhood had survived here uncon-scionsly. For, the orthodox Confusiastic school in Tokugawa Era (Sogaku) had been established from the first under the strong influ-ence of the medieval Cninese Buddhism, Zen and Kegon sect, so buddhistic and confusiastic ways of thinking are inseparable in their philosophies.They seek the unified or undivided horizont of theoretical and practical philosophies. In the tradition of western philosophy, the unity between “theoria” and “praxis” may be a metaphysical ideal that can be never possible in our dayly experiences in this world. They insist, on the contrary, that this unity is the most immediate experience in human life. For instance, Nishida's “Pure Experience” means the fundamental unity of Good and Reality. This way of thinking, I think, has its origin in “Kakubutsu-Chichi” (Intuition through things) in modern Confusiasm (Sogaku).Then, they divided two kinds or directions in practice: introverted and extroverted. Extroverted practice means social and ethical activities, and the introverted practice means the religious and metaphysical “inner way”, through which man can ascend to the height of “hierophany”. This “inner way” to the great religious awakening, which has its origin in the fundamental spirit of Mahayana Buddhism, Sunya, bring the true human personality to its perfect realization and also make possible the unity of theoretical and extroverted practical human activities in this world.By the way, their ways of thinking have been influenced not only by Buddhism but also by the traditional culture in Japan. For, the Chinese culture does not like the mystical “inner way”, so the Zen and Kegon sects in medieval China attach more importance to the moral custom in the dayly-life in this world, compared with the same sects in Japan. In the tradition of Japanese culture, I think it is possible to find the powerful tendencies to seek the dialectical unity between the “inner way” and the daily ethics, for instance as in Kukai's Mystical-esoteric Buddhism.
著者
柿木 伸之
出版者
日本ディルタイ協会
雑誌
ディルタイ研究 (ISSN:09142983)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2011, no.22, pp.22-37, 2011 (Released:2022-02-02)

Es muss das dringende Anliegen heutiger Geschichtsschreibung sein, den Anderen der Geschichte Antwort zu geben. Denn gegen Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts wurde die Spur des Ereignisses, das die mythische Geschichite mit Gewalt aus der Geschichte gestrichen hatte, wiedergefunden, und die Zeugen brachen ihr Schweigen. Aber wie kann die Erinnerung an das jenseits der Vorstellungskraft bisheriger Geschichte liegende Vergangene durch eine andere Geschichte geweckt und überliefert werden? Hier ist die Geschichtsphilosophie Walter Benjamins aufschlussreich. Sie schließt Geschichtsdarstellung an die Erfahrung des unwillkürlichen Eingedenkens an. Benjamin kritisiert die Methode des Historismus, die am Nullpunkt der Gegenwart festhält und dardurch Vergangenheit positivistisch vergegenwärtigt, als Erschleichung der Vergangenheit und nimmt demgegenüber den Augenblick, wo die Gegenwart mit der bisher vergesssenen Vergangenheit zusammentrifft und dadurch in Frage gestellt wird, als das »Jetzt der Erkennbarkeit« wichtig. Sich in dieser »Jetztzeit« an die durch die mythische Geschichte verdrängte Vergangenheit zu erinnern, bedeutet, das historische Kontinuum aufzusprengen und sich auf jene Vergangenheit in Form des Zitats zu beziehen. Wie der Gestus des »Engels der Geschichte« zeigt, bedeutet dies gleichzeitig das Wecken der Erinnerung durch die Benennung einzelner Ereignisse. Das Medium solchen Eingedenkens nennt Benjamin »das dialektische Bild«. Dieses kristallisiert in der gespannten Konstellation zwischen dem Jetzt und dem Vergangenen und stellt in seiner Intensität die mythische Geschichite vollkommen in Frage. Es muss die Aufgabe heutiger Geschichtsdarstellung sein, nach Möglichkeiten der Konstruktion von Geschichte durch solche Bilder als Sprache einer anderen Geschichte — auch im poetischen und künstlerlischen Ausdruck — zu suchen.
著者
高阪 悌雄
出版者
松山東雲女子大学人文科学部紀要委員会
雑誌
松山東雲女子大学人文科学部紀要 (ISSN:2185808X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.55-68, 2010-03

本稿ではSenの言う潜在能力の拡がりを保障していく社会とは,市民参加型の民主主義社会であり,それを支えるものは民の公共活動であることについて論じた。また、民主主義社会を支える"民の公共","私的領域","政府"の役割が,どう違うのかを明確にしていくため,公共哲学の成立の経緯を振り,その上で"民の公共"の承認の上に"政府"が成立し,承認された"政府"が"私的領域"から税を徴収し,その使途を"民の公共"がチェックするという山脇が述べるそれぞれの関係性について明確にしていった。さらに今後の日本の社会を支える"民の公共"活動を支える供給主体や財源等について,Kramerの研究を参照しながら,ヨーロッパと日本の比較を行った。そうした比較の中で,今後日本に求められている"民の公共"のモデルとは,ボランティアセクターをインフォーマルなものとしてではなく,非営利組織として捉えていくことや,非営利組織への財源を公費で保障していくことの必要性などを説いた。
著者
古田 智久
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.2, pp.47-64, 2018-12-30 (Released:2019-11-27)
参考文献数
33

Today philosophy of science and analytic philosophy are regarded as different areas or methods of philosophy. But although Philosophy of Science Society, Japan bears name of ʻPhilosophy of Scienceʼ, many analytic philosophers belong to it. In this paper, from the historical point of view I consider the reason why the journal of this society accepts papers of analytic philosophy and annual meeting of this society accepts talks of analytic philosophy. First, I explain how analytic philosophy is different from philosophy of science. Next, I explore the historical situation in which analytic philosophy became intertwined with philosophy of science. As result of these considerations, an answer to the above question, ʻWhy does this society accept the study of analytic philosophy?ʼ is given.
著者
田村 圭一
出版者
北海道大学哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:02872560)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, pp.1-18, 2003-07-20
著者
山上 俊彦 Toshihiko Yamagami
雑誌
日本福祉大学経済論集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, pp.173-200, 2010-09-30

現在の日本において貧困は深刻な社会問題となっている. 1990 年代後半以降, 格差問題が活発に議論されていたが, 焦点は貧困問題へと移行している. 先進諸国において, 従来の社会保障制度は働く貧困層 (ワーキング・プア) の増加に対応できない状況となっている. 貧困問題に真摯に対応することは社会の基盤を構築する上で重要であり, 最低所得を保証するものとして負の所得税やベーシック・インカムが提起されてきた. 欧米の先進諸国では, ワークフェアの一環として, これらを基礎とした税額控除制度が実施されているところである. 福祉国家という概念は, リベラリズムや自然権のみならず, 自由主義思想の影響も受けている. 日本においても社会保障制度を再構築するために制度の哲学的基盤を整備する必要性がある.