著者

西郷 甲矢人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.57-69, 2021-03-01 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

5

著者

池上 高志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.198-210, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

28

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Ordinary neural networks represent objects in a dimensionally compressed latent (Z) space. In this latent space, a grammatical structure emerges if the input is a language, or a finite state automaton that makes predictions if the input is a time series. But the living system perceives and experiences the object without contracting it. The philosopher Meillassoux said, “A discontinuous ring consisting of multiple interruptions.” While discussing the interpretation of this idea, I will analyze and report on an experiment using the android Alter3, which mimics human poses. What is important to make a robot anti-contractive is one's interaction with a human being, and the other is the autonomous rewriting of memories that is created because of its inability to learn.

著者

高橋 康介

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.404-406, 2019-12-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

著者

高橋 康介

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.482-486, 2019-12-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

4

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Tsuchiya & Saigo (2019) proposed the idea that the category theory is the powerful tool for scientific approach towards the mystery of consciousness. Perception, illusion,and consciousness are closely related, and so they also analyzed how to understand the phenomena in some types of visual illusion in terms of the category theory. In this commentary, I discuss about some perceptual phenomena and their theories, such as visual illusion, perceptual constancy, bistable figures, and ill-posed problem of perception, and the limitation of the current theory. Although the power of category theory in the cognitive science is still unclear, I also discuss the potential of category theory to understand illusion and perception from different viewpoint than the existing theories.

著者

遠山 紗矢香 白水 始

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.4, pp.494-517, 2018-05-31 (Released:2018-06-01)

参考文献数

40

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Why do some collaborations lead to fruitful outcomes and some don’t? What are the differences between effective collaboration and ineffective collaboration? These questions remain unsolved in spite of the great progress in collaboration research. In this study, we propose an assessment framework for evaluating collaborative problem solving (CPS) skills from a theoretical perspective of constructive interaction. The framework comprises observational and analytical methods. The observational method lets children solve knowledge-rich problems both individually and collaboratively and assesses the differences in performance between these two modes and processes. The analytical method analyzes the performance data and the process data from conversational and cognitive analyses. We have collected data from 110 elementary school pupils belonging to five schools. We chose three math problems from the Type B problems of the National Assessment of Academic Ability that are not easy to solve alone. We assigned one problem from the three to each pupil, asking him or her to first solve it individually in 8 minutes, then with the nearest partner in 8 minutes, and finally individually again. The results indicate that the pupils’ performances in the paired phase mostly were enhanced compared to those in the individual phase. However, there were successful pairs in which both members improved (e.g., solved the problem successfully) and unsuccessful pairs in which neither did. The cognitive analysis showed that the successful pairs discussed the meanings of numbers in the problem and tried to connect them with their knowledge or experiences more than the unsuccessful pairs did. In the successful pairs, the different levels of abstraction in the pupils’ ideas prompted them to reconsider their own ideas from different viewpoints, which further caused the members of those pairs to question or challenge each other. We propose that CPS skills should be defined as learners’ persistent endeavor to deepen their understanding in reaction to others’ contribution by tying their experiential and conceptual knowledge.

著者

久保田 祐貴

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.452-464, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

46

---

Phenomena commonly referred to as illusions, fallacies, and cognitive biases have been extensively investigated as valuable tools for elucidating the characteristics of human perception and cognition. Nevertheless, since these phenomena are analyzed and utilized from an interdisciplinary standpoint, these terms are used for phenomena of different characteristics, leading to confusion regarding the definition of “illusion.” In this paper, the author introduces the concept of sakkaku-sei (cognitive multiplicity), which characterizes these phenomena. The author classifies these phenomena into three primary types: (i) multiple interpretations inside and outside a human cognitive system, (ii) multiple interpretations inside a single human cognitive system, and (iii) multiple interpretations between multiple human cognitive systems. Employing the proposed categorizations, approximately 40 types of illusions and cognitive biases phenomena are classified. This classification offers insights into what sense a specific phenomenon is regarded as illusions, fallacies, or cognitive biases, thereby facilitating an understanding of these phenomena from various perspectives. Moreover, the classification provides clues for system design intervening in human perception and cognition in domains such as human-computer interaction and virtual reality.

著者

田口 茂

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.211-216, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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Inspired by Q. Meillassoux's philosophy, Ikegami (2021) claims that a living system perceives external reality without ‘contracting' the overwhelming flow of information it contains. This idea implies that cognition is not merely the formation of representations inside a living system. Based on this idea, we can reconsider the relationship between the inside and outside of a living system: I claim that this relationship contains both disconnection and connection at the same time. Ikegami assumes that the contracting movements that occur in living systems are continuously disrupted by encounters with external reality. Furthermore, he claims that living systems ‘vividly experience' this disruption involving an overwhelming flow of information. This idea does not seem to be present in Meillassoux's philosophy.

著者

乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.366-386, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

52

---

This article reviewed the free-energy principle, proposed as the general and unified brain theory by Friston, K. et al. (2006), its powerful framework, and recent expansions. This theory developed a mathematically precise theory to explain the computational neural mechanisms for optimizing posterior beliefs of the world in the brain. The freeenergy principle consisted of two major inferences: the unconscious inference and active inference. In addition, to optimize posterior beliefs or to select and execute behaviors, this theory proposed the precision of signals and its optimization as important computations; it also predicted the aberrant optimization of precision triggered various psychopathological syndromes. Furthermore, the free-energy principle theoretically demonstrated the composition of values from intrinsic (or epistemic) and extrinsic values. Intrinsic values were considered to involve curiosity and play fundamental roles in decision making and behavioral selection. This article expounded how the free-energy principle gave the theoretical explanations for brain functions such as perception, motor behavior, behavioral selection, and insight.

著者

阿部 慶賀 有元 典文 安西 祐一郎 今井 むつみ 入來 篤史 植田 一博 内海 彰 大西 仁 大森 隆司 岡田 猛 岡田 浩之 長田 尚子 小田切 史士 小野 哲雄 亀田 達也 川合 伸幸 清河 幸子 久保(川合)南海子 栗山 直子 佐伯 胖 嶋田 総太郎 白水 始 鈴木 聡 諏訪 正樹 高木 光太郎 舘野 泰一 寺尾 敦 伝 康晴 中島 秀之 中村 國則 橋田 浩一 服部 雅史 原田 悦子 針生 悦子 開 一夫 福田 健 堀 浩一 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 宮﨑 美智子 三輪 和久 村山 功 横澤 一彦 横山 拓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.407-433, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

著者

佐々木 恭志郎 山田 祐樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.50-62, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-09-01)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

1

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Clusters of holes, such as those in a lotus seedpod, induce strong discomfort. This is called ‘Trypophobia’. Recently, some researchers addressed what trypophobia is and try to form theories on it. We overviewed the previous studies of trypophobia that have published and presented up to now, and discussed the mental mechanism. Moreover, this article is aimed to ignite future studies of trypophobia by pointing out some unsolved issues and proposing potential solutions.

著者

横地 早和子 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.437-454, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

9 5

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This study investigated the creative expertise of artists who had been making art for many years. In an initial study, we interviewed four artists at different stages of their careers about their previous artworks to investigate how they made them and how they changed in the course of their making. We asked, for instance, about their concept of each artwork, when and how a new series of artworks emerged, and so on. It was revealed that experienced artists formed their artistic vision (i.e., their long-term intention or main theme related to making art) after changing series of artwork several times, and then created artworks based on it. On the other hand, younger artists did not recognize their artistic vision yet, making artworks based on their temporary interests. In a second study, nine professional artists with more than 10 years of experience were interviewed about their whole body of artworks to identify how they became creative experts and how their artistic vision was formed. As a result, it appeared that there are three periods in creative expertise: the first is “being constrained to external criteria”; the second is “forming their own internal criteria”; and the third is “generating harmonious creations with the artistic vision.” In sum, when the artists were young, they made artworks based on external criteria. Later on, they recognized the limitations of this approach, and started to focus on internal criteria. Finally, on average about 13 years after beginning their artistic careers and creating several series of artworks, artists formed a personal artistic vision. At that point they were confidently able to make original artworks.

著者

植田 一博 鷲田 祐一 有田 曉生 清水 剛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.611-634, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

22

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Previous studies suggest, contrary to our naive understanding that ideas for innovation are generated by supply-side such as product developers, that the ideas can be actually generated by consumers, especially the users called “early adopters” who keep some distance from product developers in product adoption and knowledge. This research tested, through two experiments for idea generation, which was more important to idea generation for innovation; information, i.e. preceding ideas about new usage of a product, or individual cognitive feature, i.e. innovator or early adopter. One experiment was conducted with general consumers, taking as an example idea generation for new products and services related to information technology, and the other was done with R&D members in a real company. The results suggest that information, i.e. preceding ideas about new usage of a product, was important to generation of creative ideas for innovation and, at the same time, that it was early adopters rather than innovators who could make effective use of the information in the idea generation: This is considered to call for a rethink of “sticky information hypothesis” by von Hippel (1994), which claims the dominant role of information in innovation. This research also suggests, through an additional experiment for information retrieval, that tendencies of innovators to avoid communication with people other than innovators and to think much of function and spec that a product has may degrade their performance in creative idea generation.

著者

山 祐嗣

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.343-353, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

45

---

Dual-process theorists posit that human thinking involves two kinds of mental processing: System 1 (an intuitive process), which is generally reliable but can lead to fallacies and biases, and System 2 (a reflective process), which can, at its best, allow human reasoning to follow normative rules. One of the most significant problems with the dual-process theories is whether System 2 can control the outputs of System 1, which are sometimes non-normative. Generally, when the output of System 1 entails a single emotion such as fear, this emotion is less likely to be revised or suppressed by System 2. I introduce two major periods as natural experiments of history: The period between the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the period after the Second World War. Both periods are characterized as the time when war, murder, violence decreased and sympathy for the victims and awareness of human rights grew. The prevalence of novels, which enhanced the mindreading (a function of System 1) of victims, was an important factor in the former case. The growth of people’s intelligence (linked to System 2) was an important factor in the latter case. The methodology of the natural experiment in history gives a significant implication to the issue of System 2 control.

著者

平石 界 池田 功毅

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.146-153, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-06-15)

参考文献数

2

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ReproducibiliTea Tokyo, a Tokyo branch of a worldwide journal club movement on open and reproducible science, was introduced. We present how it came about, how it operates, and the topics discussed in the past three years since its inception in 2020. We hope the report serves as an example of the management of an online academic community in the post Covid-19 era.

著者

本間 元康

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.761-770, 2010 (Released:2011-06-06)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

5

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In the rubber hand illusion (RHI), individuals misattribute the tactile sensations felt by their own hand, which is kept hidden from view, to a rubber prosthetic hand that they see being tactilely stimulated in synchrony. The phenomenon covers the multisensory integration between vision and touch, with body image as reference. The investigation of RHI has increased in recent years, and the interest has not been restricted to cognitive science. A large number of case studies associated with the RHI have been reported in psychiatric research. With advances in virtual reality, practical applications of RHI have witnessed rapid growth in the technological field. Furthermore, the RHI is closely related to body theory, including the self-other boundary. Indeed, the phenomenon is broadly relevant across a number of domains. This paper reviews the RHI phenomenon and focuses on its interdisciplinary perspective.

著者

山本 淳一 楠本 千枝子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.621-639, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

98

被引用文献数

5

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Children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are diagnosed by deficits in social interaction and linguistic skills, and restricted interests and stereotypic pattern of behavior. They have difficulties in motor, perceptual, cognitive, linguistic functions. In the present article, we proposed the comprehensive view point for understanding children with ASD; Relationships between various psychological functions, interaction between individual and environment, developmental mechanisms and developmental change by the appropriate intervention. We first described the profiles of ASD, prevalence, diagnostic criteria and resent assessment measures with the possibilities for very earlier screening in one year. Recent advancement of early intervention studies and the guideline for the application showed that early intensive treatment, pivotal behavior treatment, structured environment and parent-support program were effective for promoting the development of children with ASD. The developmental mechanism and treatment curriculum were analyzed in positive social interaction, joint attention, imitation, auditory comprehension, vocal production, verbal behavior and conversation. Children with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome have deficits in understanding ambiguous context, higher-ordered linguistic rules, social interaction and other's “mind”. We reviewed the treatment studies for these difficulties and found that the effective treatment included the “visualized” procedures, because children with ASD have “strength” in visual thinking. Video modeling and in-vivo role playing were effective for generalizing the acquired social skills to everyday life situation. We, as scientist ⁄ practitioner, discussed the future direction of evidence-based studies for developing children with ASD.

著者

岡ノ谷 一夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.1-2, 2012 (Released:2013-12-27)

被引用文献数

1

著者

植田 一博 丹羽 清

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.4, pp.4_102-4_118, 1996-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

9

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As the proverb “two heads are better than one” says, people often expect that collaborative activities bring about emergence of knowledge or ideas. In order to confirm whether there is actually the possibility of emergence through collaboration, the authors investigated actual collaborative activities in research & development processes based on the hierarchical interview method. First, a case study of developing a new impactful detergent was made in detail. As a result, three kinds of collaboration (interdepartmental collaboration, interdisciplinary one between two teams, and interdisciplinary one between two individual members) were observed. Especially, an interdepartmental collaboration was clarified to be significant in the case. Second, some cases of collaboration which were brought about in a relatively short time span were analyzed and, as a result, collaborative interactions in organizational knowledge creation were classified into three types. This study indicates that new ideas or knowledge can be emerged through collaboration in actual research & development processes.

著者

竹内 身和 石黒 広昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022.089, (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

56

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Power ubiquitously shapes what is learned, how learning happens, and who learners become through learning. In recent years, the centrality of equity and power in learning has been rigorously discussed in the community of the learning sciences, especially as a critical expansion of sociocultural and sociohistorical approaches to learning. This shift in the field not only helps us to examine various contexts of learning that have been previously overlooked, but also fundamentally urges us to reconsider the meaning of learning that has been historically treated as apolitical and non-ideological. In this article, we review the recent development of studies on learning that re-center power, equity, and justice. Our review documents the conceptual shift on learning and discusses major methodological frameworks to study the relationships between power and learning. Based on our review, we maintain that learning can be reconceptualized as socio-environmental design where learners agentively alter the material and ecological functioning and geopolitical mapping of oppression and injustice. Our view of learning as socio-environmental design could open a new horizon on studies on learning, attending to heterogenous and conflicting histories and voices rooted in the particularities of geopolitical environments that have been understudied. Bringing back the central thesis that learning is contextually bound, we call for future studies on learning as socio-environmental design that reflect a macro-micro continuum arising from the geopolitical matrix of power situated in the post-industrial and post-developmental society of Japan.

著者

平石 界

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.4, pp.341-356, 2000-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

3

---

Darwinian natural selection theory has large importance in biology. It has been producing many sub-theories on evolution of animal behavior. Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology that employs the evolutionary sub-theories to construct hypotheses on the design of human mind; one of the most interesting biological phenomena. Following an introduction of the natural selection theory, this paper describes some empirical studies on cognitive psychology that have been undertaken with the evolutionary psychological approach. Specifically we will observe the application of a) a theory of social behavior to the study of reasoning, b) a theory of foraging behavior to the study of decision making, and c) sexual selection theory to the study of cognitive sex differences. This paper also presents arguments on domain specificity and innateness of human mind; an important topic that often follows evolutionary psychology. Criticisms on evolutionary psychology will be discussed as well.