著者

藤堂 良明 村田 直樹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-9, 2004-07-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

21

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Study of the history and meaning of dan and kyu grades is one key to the essential character of Budo. Using this idea we began research into the origin of the dan grade system in Shogi, during the Edo period of Japanese history. The dan grade system in certain Kenjutsu and Jujutsu schools where comparable systems existed. For our final reseach we studied the grade system of Judo in the context of the clear intentions established by Jigoro Kano, and we considered how both kendo and kyudo have adopted grading systems and their meaning.Results were as follows:1. There were 9 dan grade steps in Shogi at the beginning of the 18th Century. A Shogi player could be promoted to the next grade if he won a game against Iemoto, the top authority and 9th dan holder. Only Iemoto was permitted to hold 9th dan.2. The Jigenryu of kenjutsu school established its own dan grade syustem from 1st to 4th dan at the begininng of the Edo era in order to keep the students motivated. The Tenjin-shinyoryu Jujutsu at the end of the Edo era established 3 dan grade steps: sho dan, chu dan and jo dan. Both systems had similar policies for dan promotion, requiring length of training and technical skills in kata. Also intangible factors such as being of good character, and not aggressive, but with a determined spirit. The system at that time had only a few 3 or 4 dan grades and there was a long time between promotions, and so students could eventually lack motivation.3. Jigoro Kano, the founder of the Kodokan, established the dan grade system in Judo from 1st dan upwards (without an upper limit), with kyu grades from 5th to 1st, because he disagreed with the traditional grading system and its excessively long intervals to the next grade. He allowed students who had reached 6th dan to teach Judo, and then encouraged study more deeply into the heart of judo before arriving at 10th dan or Shihan. The other purpose of establishing the dan grade system was to stabilize the organization on a firm financial footing. The Dai Nippon Butokukai, established in 1895 in Kyoto, adopted the dan grade system for Judo and kyu grade system for Kendo which was used in Tokyo Police. In 1917, the Butokukai adopted the dan and kyu system for both Judo and Kendo, then in 1923 also adopted the dan and kyu system for Kyudo.4. The dan and kyu grade system used today in Judo examines students for promotion up to 6th dan on points obtained in competitions and on their performance of kata. Above 6th dan are judged on their depth of knowledge and their contribution to judo. The grading system in Kendo examines skills in competitions and kata and there is a written test in addition. Correct posture and being able to use a sword correctly are considered to be more important than winning in the examining matches for promotion. Fees for promotion are used for further development of the organization.

著者

岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.10-18, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

著者

小森 宏美

出版者

独立行政法人 日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所

雑誌

アジア経済 (ISSN:00022942)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.77-82, 2021-03-15 (Released:2021-03-25)

参考文献数

9

著者

渡部 沙織 安藤 道人 ワタナベ サオリ アンドウ ミチヒト Saori Watanabe Michihito Ando

雑誌

立教經濟學研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.59-68, 2019-07

著者

樺太アイヌ史研究会編

出版者

北海道出版企画センター

巻号頁・発行日

1992

著者

津田 資久

出版者

国士舘大学文学部人文学会

雑誌

国士舘人文学 (ISSN:21876525)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, 2013-03

著者

赤坂 文弥 中谷 桃子 木村 篤信

出版者

サービス学会

雑誌

サービソロジー論文誌 (ISSN:24355763)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.10-17, 2020 (Released:2021-07-30)

参考文献数

70

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the overview of past researches related to Service Design (SD). As an initial step to achieve this purpose, we exploratory surveyed papers that widely reviews past and current SD research. We selected the papers through the Web search using Google Scholar. On the basis of this survey, we found five academic areas that strongly influenced current SD research, such as (1) Service Marketing / Management, (2) Interaction Design, (3) Design Theory / Design Thinking, (4) Engineering Design / Service Engineering, and (5) Participatory Design / CoDesign. For each of these academic areas, we additionally surveyed specific past researches related to current SD. The papers or books investigated in this additional survey include those selected based on the results of the first survey, as well as those newly found during the process of the additional survey. As a result, we depicted a historical map of SD research. From the map, we found that, among the five academic areas that influenced SD research, some areas have been mutually affected from the past, while others have had little direct involvement so far. Based on the map, we discuss the direction of future collaborations among various approaches to SD research. Further, we also noted that the map can be used as “boundary object” to make the discussion between the research communities with low relationships more constructive, because it explains the background theory in different research communities.

著者

赤川 学

出版者

数理社会学会

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.89-102, 2001-03-31 (Released:2016-09-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2

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言説分析を経験的な社会学の一手法として鍛えるために必要な、基本的な論点を提出する。第一に、言説分析は自らの外部には出られないが、だからといって分析が不可能になるわけではない。第二に、言説分析は言説空間の全体性を仮想する。第三に、言説分析は、言説(が存在すること)の客観性を前提としつつ、社会的事実としての言説空間の成立・変容過程を分析する。そこでは、「あの言説が語られず、この言説が語られるのはなぜか」という問いが中心を占める。第四に、言説分析は、「誰が語るか」以上に、「誰が語っても似たような言説になるのはなぜか」を問うものである。

著者

Wataru Aoki Naoki Endo Shuji Ushijima Hiroyuki Nagai Tetsuro Ito Masaki Fukuda Akiyoshi Yamada

出版者

The Mycological Society of Japan

雑誌

Mycoscience (ISSN:13403540)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.MYC548, (Released:2021-09-08)

被引用文献数

5

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“Kakishimeji” identified as Tricholoma ustale and belonging to Tricholoma sect. Genuina is a common poisonous mushroom in Japan. Kakishimeji contains the toxic compound ustalic acid and causes digestive trouble. However, this fungus is consumed in some regions of Japan without any digestive issues. We clarified the probable species complex of Kakishimeji based on a phylogenetic analysis. We collected 89 basidioma specimens of Kakishimeji and related species from various forest sites in Japan and conducted phylogenetic analyses using 7 nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Kakishimeji was found to consist of four distinct phylogenetic clades based on all DNA regions tested. Of these, two clades included European T. stans and T. albobrunneum type specimens. Another two clades consisted of sister clades to T. pessundatum and T. ustaloides. In addition, all four phylogenetic clades of Kakishimeji had different spore and basidium sizes. Therefore, we regarded the latter two clades as two new Tricholoma species: T. kakishimeji and T. kakishimejioides.

著者

杉本順一著

出版者

井上書店

巻号頁・発行日

1987

著者

氏平 明 ウジヒラ アキラ Akira Ujihira

雑誌

雲雀野 = The lark hill

巻号頁・発行日

no.36, pp.1-12, 2014-03-31

著者

野宮 亜紀

出版者

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR GENDER STUDIES

雑誌

日本ジェンダー研究 (ISSN:18841619)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.7, pp.75-91, 2004-09-01 (Released:2010-08-04)

参考文献数

42

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In the middle of the 1990's, Japanese transgenders started self-help activities to improve their lives and social status. Trans-Net Japan (TNJ) is a self-driven group founded by Honoho Morino. The activities of TNJ vary greatly and include; providing a place for transgenders to study and communicate, publishing documents, holding symposiums for the public, and responding to the media to enhance public awareness of their issues. There have always been problems with running this group because all the programs are staffed by unpaid volunteers due to the lack of public funding for the transgender groups. This lack of funding makes certain programs and activities, such as peer counseling, more difficult to maintain. However, TNJ has held more than one hundred events as of January 2004.During the past ten years, TNJ, other groups and professionals have actively worked together to improve the social situation surrounding transgenders This collaboration has lead to major changes: the Japanese Association for Psychiatry and Neurology established guidelines for the diagnosis and the treatment of GID (1997), the first publicly announced SRS was conducted with recognized justification by the medical ethics committee (1998), a transgender was elected to the Setagaya Ward Congress (2003) and a law allowing transgenders to change the gender on their family registration (equivalent to birth certificate) passed the diet (2003).In the processes of changing the social system, the public view towards transgenders has shifted from“som ething about sex cultures” to “something about medical and human rights issues.” The concept of the mental disorder, GID, was spread in our society as a term to describe transgender individuals. This situation generated a debate in the transgender community about whether the purpose of transgender activities is to acquire the welfare as handicapped people depending on the concept of GID or to deconstruct social norms based on the male/female gender dichotomy.One answer is that the primary purpose of the self-driven activity is empowerment of the community. TNJ provides opportunities for the empowerment in their activities; the participants share a common problem, learn from each other and find strength in themselves. If all transgenders make the transition from passivity to self-reliance, they can confront the psychological and social issues in order to change their own lives and break discrimination based on gender issues.

著者

柳 雄介

出版者

日本ウイルス学会

雑誌

ウイルス (ISSN:00426857)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.117-123, 1995-12-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

29

著者

坂本 一仁 室園 拓也 太田 祐一

雑誌

研究報告セキュリティ心理学とトラスト(SPT) (ISSN:21888744)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2020-SPT-37, no.3, pp.1-8, 2020-05-07

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同意管理プラットフォーム (CMP : Consent Management Platform) とは,個人データに対する個人の同意を管理するためのソフトウェアまたはサービスである.2018 年 5 月から EU 一般データ保護規則 (GDPR) が開始され,Cookie のようなオンライン識別子およびそれらに紐づくウェブ上の行動履歴も個人データとして扱われることになり,今日では多くのウェブサイトに CMP の導入が進んでいる.しかしながら,EU や米国における CMP 導入ウェブサイトの推移は明らかになってきている一方で,日本国内における状況は不透明である.また CMP のユーザーインターフェース (UI) に着目し,サイト利用者の認知に関するユーザスタディや,UI が GDPR に準拠しているかといった研究は行われているが,利用者の UI 操作が真に CMP の内部挙動に反映されているかといった詳細な調査は行われていない.そこで本稿では以降に示す 2 つの Research Questions (RQ) に対応する調査を実施した.RQ1 : 日本向けウェブサイトにおいて,CMP 導入は増加しているか? RQ2 : CMP サービスの挙動は正確であるか?調査は日本向けウェブサイト約 18 万URLに対して実施され,調査の結果,日本においても特定の CMP サービスが増加傾向にあること,詳細設定機能が確認された CMP のうち,約 65%は利用者の UI 操作が正確に内部挙動に反映されていないことが判明した.

著者

竹本 幹夫

雑誌

能楽研究 : 能楽研究所紀要 (ISSN:03899616)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.93-158, 1978-07-31

著者

Shinta NISHIOKA Yoji KOKURA Takatsugu OKAMOTO Masako TAKAYAMA Ichiro MIYAI

出版者

Center for Academic Publications Japan

雑誌

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.5, pp.435-442, 2019-10-31 (Released:2019-10-31)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 4

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This study aimed to verify the relationship between assignment of professional registered dietitians (RDs) and other healthcare professionals and body weight or functional outcome in underweight patients. This was a secondary analysis of the nation-wide survey data from Kaifukuki (convalescent) rehabilitation wards (KRWs). Data of patients aged ≥20 y with disabilities and body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 and who were discharged from 1,099 KRWs were analyzed. The primary outcome was BMI at discharge. Secondary outcomes were Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at discharge and returning to home. Patients were divided into two groups: those in KRWs with ≥1 or <1 dedicated RD per ward (KRW/RD+ and KRW/RD−, respectively). Of 5,843 eligible participants (female, 63%; median age, 82 y; hip/vertebral/knee fracture, 47%; stroke, 34%; disuse syndrome secondary to acute illness, 11%; others, 8%), 1,288 and 4,555 were from the KRW/RD+ and KRW/RD− groups, respectively. At discharge, KRW/RD+ patients had higher FIM (93 vs. 90) and BMI (17.1 vs. 17.0 kg/m2) than did KRW/RD− patients. Multivariable analysis showed that assignment of dedicated RDs (B=0.213, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.036-0.389), number of nurses (B=0.023, 95% CI, 0.003-0.043), and daily rehabilitation dose were significantly associated with changes in body weight. Furthermore, these factors positively affected BMI at discharge. Number of nurses and rehabilitation dose correlated with FIM, but assignment of RDs did not correlate with FIM. In conclusion, assignment of RDs, nurses, and sufficient rehabilitation dose may contribute to BMI gain. Nurses and daily rehabilitation dose may positively affect functional recovery.

著者

高木 雅之 其阿弥 成子 織田 靖史 ボンジェ ペイター

出版者

一般社団法人 日本作業療法士協会

雑誌

作業療法 (ISSN:02894920)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.3, pp.301-310, 2020-06-15 (Released:2020-06-15)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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地域在住高齢者の健康や幸福を促進する作業に焦点を当てた集団プログラムの開発が進められている.本研究では新たに開発された活動日記を用いた集団プログラムの効果を,ランダム化比較試験によって検証した.対象者は地域在住高齢者125名であった.実験群には計4回の集団セッションが実施され,活動日記を毎日記入することが依頼された.対照群に介入は行われなかった.その結果,実験群の作業に対する満足度,生きがい感,生活満足度の変化量は,対照群よりも有意に高く,効果量は中程度であった(p<.001,r=0.3300.38).本プログラムは,地域在住高齢者の作業に対する満足度,生きがい感,生活満足度の向上に寄与することが示された.

著者

山崎 一憲

出版者

日本蜘蛛学会

雑誌

Acta Arachnologica (ISSN:00015202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.109-114, 2006 (Released:2007-04-10)

参考文献数

30

著者

藤原夏人

出版者

国立国会図書館

雑誌

外国の立法 : 立法情報・翻訳・解説 (ISSN:13492071)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.(月刊版. 278-1), 2019-01

著者

藤野 昭宏

出版者

学校法人 産業医科大学

雑誌

Journal of UOEH (ISSN:0387821X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.273-291, 2015-12-01 (Released:2015-12-13)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1 1

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医学概論とは如何なる学問なのかについて,1.医学概論への誤解,2.歴史的変遷,3.目指す医師像,4.教育の現在,5.根源的思想,そして6.医のプロフェッショナリズムとの関連,の6つの観点から考察した.医学概論とは,医学とは何かをつねに根源的に問い直す,医学の本質を見極める学問のことであり,生命倫理学,臨床倫理学および医療人類学の3本の柱とその土台である人間学から成り立つ.人間学としての医学概論を学ぶ意義は,霊性的自覚によって病いの語りへ共感し,医学を通して根源的いのちを実感する癒し癒される人間関係を体験的かつ思索的に理解し,自己自身の人間性と霊性を深めることにある.そして,その根源的思想にあるのが「矛盾的相即」の考え方である.この矛盾的相即の思想を,生涯にわたって医学を通して体験的に理解すること,これが医学概論の究極の使命である.