著者

澤田 均 山口 敦弘 山下 雅幸

出版者

日本草地学会

雑誌

日本草地学会誌 (ISSN:04475933)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.Separate, pp.38-39, 1998-08-25 (Released:2017-07-07)

著者

三浦 徹

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.1, pp.1-47,141-142, 1989-01-20 (Released:2017-11-29)

被引用文献数

1

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I.M.Lapidus, an American specialist of Middle Eastern history, argued that the ruling Mamluks' role of combining the 'ulama' (religious and legal scholars) and the common people into one political and social unity, was characteristic of the structure of urban society during the Mamluk dynasty. He called such a system of political and social relations the 'Mamluk regime' and insisted that it worked well even after the rise of the Ottoman dynasty. At the end of the Mamluk era, that is during the time from the accession of Sultan Qa'itbay to the decline of the dynasty (1468-1517), the state suffered from a severe financial crisis due to the decrease of iqta revenue and the increase in the payment of salaries for soldiers and civil officials. Also at that time, impoverished Mamluks often revolted against the Sultan for the fulfilment of these payments. These social instabilities forced the Mamluk state to reform its financial and military regime, which had solely depended on the iqta' system and the Mamluks. This article examines those reform policies and their influence over administration and control of cities in the Mamluk state, in an attempt to reinterpret Lapidus' thesis on the structure of urban society. First, concerning financial policy, Sultan Qa'itbay started taxation on property of citizen and waqf endowment. The state intended it to absorb the accumlated wealth in cities for the betterment of bugetary conditions. For the same purpose the state adopted a policy to take bribes at appointments of officials and to confiscate their property during their tenures of office. It accelerated both a plutocratic tendency among officials and the prevalence of bribary in the administration. This tendency was especially noticeable in the legal administration of cities. The chief judge (qadi al-qudat) appointed many legal officials such as deputy-judges (na'ib), notaries (shahid) and executors (naqib, rasul) and formed them into his own faction (jama'a). He and his party gained profits on the legal system by means of bribary, services charges and so on. In Damascus the governor (na'ib) often levied taxes on its quarters (hara). Especially on expeditions, he conscripted both the arquebusier infantries and their wages from each quarter. He adopted this policy to resolve at once the problems of the financial crisis and the defense of the city. Administrators of each quarter (arif) and the governor's subordinates, such as the majordomo (ustadar) and executive secretary (dawadar), were in charge of collecting taxes. The governor managed to rule the city by embracing these officials and private mercenaries in his faction. As for the commn people, inhabitants of each quarter took remarkable political actions. They almost overwhelmed the military power of the Mamluks in the rebellion of the year 903 / 1497 and in the revolt of 907 / 1501. It was a social group called the zu'r that set up these popular movements. They were outlaws who lived on plunder and assassination. They were employed as infantry and private merconary by the governors, while they dominated markets and stores in their quarters and prevented the governor from taxation in exchange for protection fees. In the cities at the end of the Mamluk era, both the governor, a military-executive, and the chief judge, himself a civil official, formed their own factions (jama'a) and strengthened their domains and exploitation of the people. The commom people coudn't seek shelter anywhere other than under the protection of the zu'r, who built their bases of power in each quarter. The urban society in this period was co structured that various factions and groups were struggling with each other forcibly. Lapidus began his thesis by assuming that the Mamluks, the 'ulama' and the common people were the major strata and actors in the cities.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

岡林 秀樹 杉澤 秀博 高梨 薫 中谷 陽明 柴田 博

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.6, pp.486-493, 1999-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

22 5

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The purpose of this study was to extract the factor structure of coping strategies and to examine their direct and indirect effects on burnout. Eight hundred thirty four valid responses obtained from primary caregivers of impaired persons aged 65 years old and over living in the community were analyzed. The results of covariance structural analysis were as follows: Three second order factors, including “Approach”, “Avoidance, ” and “Support seeking, ” were extracted. Five factors, “Keeping their own pace, ” “Positive acceptance of caregiving role, ” “Diversion, ” “Informal support seeking, ” and “Formal support seeking, ” were extracted as first order factors. “Keeping their own pace, ” directly decreased burnout and “Diversion” indirectly decreased burnout through caregiving involvement. “Informal support seeking” directly increased burnout and “Positive acceptance of caregiving role” indirectly increased burnout through caregiving involvement.

著者

小松 光昭 松田 芳樹 石井 良夫 木暮 信一 渡辺 一弘

出版者

一般社団法人 レーザー学会

雑誌

レーザー研究 (ISSN:03870200)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.252-258, 2007-04-15 (Released:2014-03-26)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 1

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We examined the effects of Ar+ laser (457, 488, 514nm; 25, 50, 100mW) irradiation on the law of polar excitation using frog sciatic nerve. The law of polar excitation is well known, as both cathode-make-excitation (CE) and anode-break-excitation (AE) are elicited when nerves are extracellularly stimulated with a longer pulse at suprathreshold intensity. Compound action potentials (CAP) were suppressed by the laser irradiation. Furthermore, the existence of irradiation conditions (power, wavelength) for greatly suppressing AE in comparison with CE was demonstrated. Ar+ laser irradiation did not suppress conduction but did suppress generation of CAP. It seems possible that only AE generation is suppressed by local irradiation using the Ar+ laser. Since the contribution of Hyperpolarization-activated channels (Ih) to AE generation had been demonstrated and Ih expression is associated with intractable epilepsy, the present results suggest a novel LLLT for intractable epilepsy as an alternative to Ih blockers.

著者

山野井 徹

出版者

The Japan Landslide Society

雑誌

日本地すべり学会誌 (ISSN:13483986)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.17-25, 2005-05-25 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

6

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道路開設によって地すべり地の頭部に良好な露頭が現れ, この露頭の観察を行った。この区域での堆積物の地質学的記載を行い, 成因的に3つの相に区分した。それらの相は地すべり侵食の1サイクルとしての堆積シーケンスである。すなわち,(1) 斜面にマスムーブメントとしての地すべり事件が発生する (「事件相」の形成) 。この際, 凹凸のある低地ができて堆積の場が生ずる。 (2) 低地の凹凸は, そこに流入する水の作用が主体となって, 侵食と埋め立てが速やかに進行して平滑化が進む (「修復相」の形成) 。 (3) やがて侵食物質の供給が弱まると風成層の堆積が卓越し, ゆっくりとした堆積により表層が覆われていく (「被覆相」の形成) 。地すべり地のシーケンスや多重シーケンスを解析することにより地すべり地の詳細な履歴を知ることができる。

著者

AKIRA KATO KUNIHIKO SHINOHARA

出版者

Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences

雑誌

Mineralogical Journal (ISSN:05442540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.276-284, 1968 (Released:2008-03-18)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

7 10

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The first roquesite in Japan found in a magnetite-bearing massive chalcopyrite ore from the subvolcanic ore deposits of the Akenobe mine, Hyogo prefecture was determined by electron microprobe analysis giving Cu, 24.9; Fe, 1.8; Mn, 0.2; Zn, 0.1; In, 46.3; S, 25.7; total, 99.0%, and was studied under the ore microscope. Mineral assemblage with this specimen was found to be different from that of the original French roquesite, which may be due to the special condition of its formation, or possibly a lower Eh condition. Occurrence of some indium minerals in Japanese subvolcanic ore deposits suggests the presence of an ‘indium ore province’.

著者

松原 康介

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.790, pp.2799-2810, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-01)

参考文献数

32

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During the French colonial period (1830–1962), Algeria saw the introduction of modern architecture and urban planning, particularly in Algiers. In the late colonial period, however, the most pressing issue was the coexistence of the ‘Colons’, who had lived in the country for several generations, and the original habitants ‘Muslims’. The late colonial period pertains to when Jacques Chevalier, who was elected mayor on the promise of ‘coexistence’, was in charge of the city of Algiers from May 1953 to May 1958 and promoted the type of urban planning he had assured. The French architect Fernand Pouillon was invited for ‘coexistence’ urban planning and realised the ‘three districts’ of Diar es-Saâda (1953), Diar el-Mahçoul (1954), and Climat de France (1959). One of the concepts of the three districts was ‘Moorish architecture’ (hispano-maurisque )—a fusion of Roman and Islamic elements —which developed in the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb region. Indeed, Pouillon tried to reflect on the unique spatial characteristics of the region as a living space for Algerians, including Muslims. However, such attempts have often been criticised for their limitations. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the three districts of Algiers, as officially advocated by Pouillon, by critically examining the location of each district, spatial composition, urban architectural elements such as ornament, the idea of symbiosis, and the process from planning to realisation. This study is a historical research. Primary sources include the minutes of the city council meetings of the time, texts, photographs, and drawings published in the city's public relations magazines and articles in architecture magazines. Additionally, several magazine articles by the Japanese Banshoya Gyoji, who was in Algiers at the time, will be used as the primary source for this paper. First, I will summarise the existing studies on Moorish architecture, especially the book, ‘Moorish Architecture in Andalusia’ and construct and present an analytical concept for the evaluation of the three districts (Chapter 2). As for the process from planning to realisation, I will use the minutes of the city council meetings published in the Bulletin Municipal de la ville d'Algers, articles on urban planning in the Bulletin and its successor, Alger Revue, as well as architecture-related sources such as Chantier and other architectural magazines (Chapter 3). This is then supplemented by Pouillon's autobiography, ‘Mémoire d’un architecte’, which is rich in content and contains his subjective but more concrete spatial ideas and value judgments (Chapter 4). As for the planning analysis, based on the above-mentioned primary data, the plan of each district is modified to create a base map, and then the photographs of each part are compared and analysed item by item (Chapter 5). In conclusion, it is clear that Pouillon advocated ‘Moorish Architecture’ in the three districts of Algiers. The planning theory was conceived based on this thought, and it was reflected to a certain extent in the realised space. The view from the slopes affronted by the Mediterranean Sea was liberating. The stone was massing, the spatial organisation of the square, the colonnade, and the market were organised on a small scale, the water and the planting were well equipped, and the human scale space and the diversity of the district were assured.

著者

森 数馬 中村 敏枝 安田 晶子 正田 悠

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第72回大会 (ISSN:24337609)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1PM169, 2008-09-19 (Released:2018-09-29)

著者

間宮 武

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.295-306, 1984 (Released:2019-07-24)

著者

塩田 真史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本アスレティックトレーニング学会

雑誌

日本アスレティックトレーニング学会誌 (ISSN:24326623)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.29-34, 2018-10-31 (Released:2019-01-26)

参考文献数

53

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Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a well-documented clinical condition particularly in adolescent athletes. In recent years, the pathology and the factors associated with the onset has been clarified by applying the new evaluation tools and increasing in the longitudinal studies .On the other hand, there are few reports about the effect of the therapeutic exercises. Detection and intervention in early stage is required for the early return to sports. This article reviewed the scientific evidences about the pathology and the factors associated with the onset , diagnosis and treatment of OSD.The current consensus on the pathophysiology of OSD is that it is a traction apophysitis of the proximal tibial tubercle resulting from repetitive microtrauma at the stage of relatively weak strength of the tibia tuberosity. Flexibility, muscle strength, growth, and kicking motions are factors that may cause OSD. These factors have generally been reviewed retrospectively and there have been a few prospective studies. For the early detection, it is important to imaging physical examinations such as pain regularly. Current treatment protocol for OSD is conservative, consisting primarily of rest, icing, NSAIDs, and therapeutic exercise. Although therapeutic exercise is the most important treatment that therapists and trainers associate with, the effects of exercises has not been established. In future, the appropriate treatment protocols especially therapeutic exercise according to pathological conditioning and the factors associated with the onset should be established.

著者

佐藤 清隆

出版者

公益社団法人 日本油化学会

雑誌

オレオサイエンス (ISSN:13458949)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.9, pp.425-432, 2016 (Released:2019-02-01)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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ゲル,クリーム,エマルションなどのコロイド分散系の脂質含有食品において,脂質結晶は融解挙動,レオロジー,テクスチャー形成に重要な役割を果たしている。近年,脂質結晶に関する研究が極めて活発になっているが,その駆動力の1つが欧米で喫緊の課題となっている「トランス酸代替」と「飽和酸低減」のための技術開発であろう。本稿では,分子レベルから結晶ネットワークのレベルまで,脂質結晶の構造と物性に関する基礎的知見を,応用と結びつけながら解説する。とくに,脂質の結晶多形構造,混合挙動および結晶化の制御についての最近の研究をレビューする。

著者

高橋 弘毅

出版者

公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会

雑誌

計測と制御 (ISSN:04534662)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.163-170, 2018-03-10 (Released:2018-03-17)

参考文献数

19

著者

Yunosuke YUCHI Ryohei SUZUKI Takahiro TESHIMA Hirotaka MATSUMOTO Hidekazu KOYAMA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21-0195, (Released:2021-11-04)

被引用文献数

9

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common comorbidity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and can induce various changes in the right heart, such as right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, dilatation, and dysfunction. We hypothesized that RV function, not only systolic function but also diastolic function, could be worsened with PH progression. We aimed to compare RV systolic and diastolic function in dogs with MMVD. Twenty healthy dogs and sixty-eight dogs with MMVD were enrolled. Dogs with MMVD were classified into the probability of PH. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic indices for right heart and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography indices were measured. The morphological indicators of the right heart were significantly higher only in the high probability of PH group. The RV strain, early-diastolic and systolic strain rates were significantly lower in the high probability of PH group than those in the low and intermediate probability of PH groups. Multivariate analysis showed that increased RV internal dimension normalized by body weight and RV myocardial performance index were significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure. Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived RV systolic and diastolic function were activated in the low and intermediate probability of PH groups. However, dogs with high probability of PH showed RV myocardial dysfunction and dilatation. Increased RV myocardial performance index and end-diastolic RV internal dimension normalized by body weight were significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure in dogs with MMVD.

著者

横井 隆志

出版者

LEC東京リーガルマインド大学院大学

雑誌

LEC会計大学院紀要 (ISSN:21865302)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.53-63, 2018 (Released:2018-05-09)

著者

堀井 郁夫 浜田 悦昌

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬理学会

雑誌

日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.6, pp.463-467, 2007 (Released:2007-06-14)

参考文献数

3

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医薬品の開発を進めるに際しては開発ステージに応じた非臨床安全性試験の実施が求められており,その基本となっているのが,単回投与毒性試験と反復投与毒性試験,いわゆる一般毒性試験である.単回投与毒性試験は単回投与によって概略の致死量(げっ歯類)や毒性兆候が発現する用量(非げっ歯類)を明らかにすること,反復投与毒性試験は繰り返し投与によって誘起される毒作用を明確にし,毒作用を誘起する用量と毒作用の認められない用量(無毒性量)を明らかにすることを目的としている.実験方法や実施時期はICHの合意に基づいたガイドラインで規定され,詳細について記載した解説書も発行されている.両試験とも試験で認められた種々の変化のどれが毒作用か,認められた毒作用はcriticalか否か,暴露状態と毒作用の関係等を考慮し,慎重に結果を解釈する必要がある.更に,毒作用の発現機序,発現の程度,回復性,治療係数,臨床試験上の対処手段等の観点から総合的に安全性評価を行うことが,適切な臨床開発を進めるためには不可欠である.

著者

五島 史行 堤 知子 小川 郁

出版者

一般社団法人 日本耳鼻咽喉科頭頸部外科学会

雑誌

日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 (ISSN:00306622)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.8, pp.953-959, 2013-08-20 (Released:2013-10-09)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

4 4

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片頭痛関連めまいは通常型の片頭痛とめまいが共通の病因によって生じると考える疾患単位として提唱されたものである. 原因不明の反復性めまい患者には片頭痛関連めまいが含まれていると考えられる. 本邦における片頭痛関連めまいの臨床像を明らかにするため, 外来めまい患者を対象に検討を行った. 片頭痛関連めまいの診断基準として, めまい発作の反復, 国際頭痛分類の診断基準を満たす片頭痛を有するか, 既往がある, めまい発作に同期して, 片頭痛の症候 (片頭痛性頭痛, 音過敏, 光過敏, 閃輝暗点) があったことがある, 一側性の関連を想定させる難聴がない, 他の疾患が除外できる, を用いた. 553名のめまい外来患者のうち片頭痛関連めまいと診断した症例は46例 (8.3%) であった. 典型的な片頭痛関連めまい患者の臨床像は, 30~40台の女性であり, めまいを発症する以前から片頭痛を発症し, 1~10年前から年に一度程度の, 頭痛を随伴した1~24時間程度続く回転性+浮動性のめまいを認める症例である. 片頭痛関連めまいの診断基準に難聴のある症例を含めるかどうかについてはメニエール病との鑑別の問題もあり, 議論がある. めまいを反復し難聴を認め, 片頭痛を合併した症例の扱いについては今後の検討が必要である.

著者

北野 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本水産学会

雑誌

日本水産学会誌 (ISSN:00215392)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.291-293, 2019-05-15 (Released:2019-05-24)

参考文献数

15

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多くの魚種は,遺伝的な要因により性が決定するシステム(遺伝的性決定システム)だけでなく,環境に依存して性が決定するシステム(環境依存的性決定システム)を保持している。1) この環境依存的性決定システムにおいては,温度,pH,社会環境など,様々な環境要因で性が決定(転換)することが知られているが,この基本原理及び分子機構については未だに解明されていない。

著者

張 正軍

出版者

一般社団法人 アジア民族文化学会

雑誌

アジア民族文化研究 (ISSN:13480758)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.181-191, 2015-03-31 (Released:2020-05-16)

著者

大谷 道輝 鏡 真衣 野澤 茜 松元 美香 山村 喜一 江藤 隆史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本皮膚科学会

雑誌

日本皮膚科学会雑誌 (ISSN:0021499X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.3, pp.613-618, 2012-03-20 (Released:2014-11-13)

被引用文献数

1

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皮膚外用剤は塗布量が効果に影響を与える.この皮膚外用剤の塗布量は基剤や剤形により影響される.温度も塗布量に影響するが,これに関する検討はほとんど報告されていない.そこで,皮膚外用剤の伸展性あるいは塗布量に与える温度の影響について1°Cと30°Cでスプレッドメーターと健常人を用いて調べた.1°Cから30°Cの上昇により油脂性基剤では伸展性は2倍,降伏値は大幅に減少した.油脂性基剤の塗布量は約2倍に増加した.W/O型乳剤性基剤も伸展性や塗布量が同様に増加した.これに対し,水溶性基剤およびO/W型乳剤性基剤では1°Cから30°Cの上昇により伸展性,降伏値はほとんど低下せず,塗布量も変化は認められなかった.これらのことから,患者の塗布量に関する説明では油脂性基剤およびW/O乳剤性基剤では温度による伸展および塗布量への影響を考慮する必要があることが示唆された.

著者

玉垣 庸一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本デザイン学会

雑誌

デザイン学研究 (ISSN:09108173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.47-54, 2005-05-31 (Released:2017-07-19)

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本研究はCGでの活用を目指して三色表色系の拡張を試みたものである。最初に、色光の空間Vnから加法混色系の色空間への線形写像Ψ^^-(等色写像)を用いて等色実験を記述した。色光空間の基底にも色空間の基底にも依存しない等色写像と、双方に依存する等色行列の中間的な表現として、色光空間の基底には依存しないが色空間の基底には依存するような線形作用素を新たに提案しセンサと名付けた。次に、写像の結果がゼロベクトルとなるような色光の集合すなわち等色写像の核をKerΨ^^-とするとき、同一の色感覚をもたらす一群のメタメリックな色光が同値類を形成して、色光空間Vnの核KerΨ^^-に関する商ベクトル空間Vn/KerΨ^^-の元となることを示した。これにより、加法混色系におけるグラスマンの法則は商ベクトル空間への写像の性質を反映したものであることが明らかとなった。