著者
外山 秀一
出版者
The Human Geographical Society of Japan
雑誌
人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.5, pp.407-421, 1985-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)
参考文献数
120
被引用文献数
3 3
著者
松岡 憲知 藁谷 哲也 若狭 幸
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.3, pp.369-405, 2017-06-25 (Released:2017-08-03)
参考文献数
221
被引用文献数
3 6

Physical rock weathering has been studied through laboratory experiments, field observations, and numerical modeling, but linking these approaches and applying the results to weathering features in the field are often problematic. We review recent progress in three weathering processes—frost shattering, thermal fracturing, and lightning strikes—and explore better approaches to linking weathering processes and products. New visual and sensor technologies have led to great advances in field monitoring of weathering of fractured bedrock and resulting rockfalls in cold mountains. Laboratory simulations successfully produce fractures resulting from segregational freezing in various intact rocks. Modelling approaches illustrate the long-term evolution of periglacial slopes well, but improvements are required to apply laboratory-derived criteria to frost weathering. The efficacy of thermal weathering, which has long been under debate, is now partly supported by laboratory and field evidence that cracking takes place when wild fires or artificial explosions lead to thermal shock. Rock fracturing due to strong radiation is also reevaluated from the presence of large cooling/warming rates and meridian cracks in rocks exposed to arid environments. Linking laboratory simulations and natural features, however, needs further field-based observations of thermal fracturing. Irregular fractures formed in boulders are often attributed to lightning strikes, despite rarely being witnessed. Artificial lightning in the laboratory produces radial cracks, marking the first step toward interpreting irregular fractures in the bedrock that are unlikely to originate from other weathering processes. Identifying the origins of fractured rocks in the field requires distinguishing between fracture patterns derived from these weathering processes.
著者
戸田 孝
出版者
一般社団法人 日本科学教育学会
雑誌
科学教育研究 (ISSN:03864553)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, no.4, pp.248-259, 2014 (Released:2015-01-19)
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
1

The working situation of museum staff members who were originally employed as school teachers was investigated by sending questionnaires to prefectural museums as well as municipal ones in ordinance-designated cities. Such staff members are working in about half of the target museums. More than half of the teachers are planning to return to schools in three to five years, but other are planning to stay longer. In about 40% of the museums, teachers’ duties are specialized in dealing with school pupils and group visitors. The teachers’ specializations are mainly social studies, science, and art. In some cases, teachers of Japanese language work as generalists in partnerships with schools.
著者
横山 正人 井上 和夫
出版者
Japan Ergonomics Society
雑誌
人間工学 (ISSN:05494974)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.41-48, 1984-02-15 (Released:2010-03-11)
参考文献数
9

本論文は人間の声質感覚に基づく音声の個人性知覚情報の抽出を目的としている. まず, 一対比較法により話者の類似性判断, および音声の嗜好性判断に対する聴覚実験を行っている. 音声資料として13名の話者の発生した単母音 [e] を用いる. 次に声質を表す5つの日常表現語を用いて, 音声の類似性評価実験を行っている. さらに改良ホモモルフィック予測法 (IHPA) を適用し, 音声信号より音響パラメータの抽出を行う.以上の実験結果に基づく相関分析およびMDSによる解析の結果, 次のことが明らかになった. (1) 話者の類似性および音声の嗜好度を判断する場合, ある特定の声質感覚が大きく寄与する. (2) これらの声質情報は, 主にピッチ周波数, および高次フォルマント周波数によって特徴づけられる.
著者
大澤 俊彦
出版者
日本食生活学会
雑誌
日本食生活学会誌 (ISSN:13469770)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.11-16, 2009-06-30 (Released:2009-07-23)
参考文献数
12

The United States launched the Designer Foods program in 1990 on the basis of its ample epidemiological research data. It is aimed at preventing cancer with the use of pyytochemicals. What attracted the most attention are food ingredients called “non-nutrients,” such as polyphenols, sulfuric compounds, terpenoids and carotenoids. Calling such ingredients “functional food factors, ”we have developed an international research approach in an attempt for cross-disciplinary research beyond the boundaries of food science and medicine.  In 1984, Japan became the world’s first to launch a research project on food functionality. Characteristically, it introduced a totally innovative concept of physiological and biological regulating function as a third function after the primary “nutritional” function and the secondary “sensory” function. The notion of food functionality has gradually penetrated the West although the reception was initially not very positive. And functional food is now taking root there.  The U.S. Designer Foods program lists 40 vegetables, fruits, spices and luxury food items from the standpoint of cancer prevention on the basis of epidemiological research. Noting that designer food contained functional food factors common to food items in the same identical group or category, the author suggested the importance of keeping a balance among different types of food in the diet rather than of rating the effect of different food factors. The author added some traditional Japanese food materials to the listed food and sorted them into 12 food groups. The focus of the author’s proposal is to endeavor to consume food equally from all 12 groups within one or two days rather than consuming food materials in large quantities from a specific category. Needless to say, it is also important to develop new food materials.  A key goal of illness prevention with the use of functional food factors will be to keep us healthy, or within the scope of a non-disease state, for as long a time as possible. It is therefore hoped that simple diagnoses may be performed using specific biomarkers to prevent illnesses at the earliest possible stage or to reduce the risk of future illness. Produced with a drop of blood, saliva, urine or suchlike, an antibody chip has a monoclonal antibody imprinted on a substrate spin-coated with azo-polymer. It is used for specifically examining oxidation stress, obesity, cancer and cerebral aging. It is foreseen that it will in a couple of years be viable to provide a so-called tailor-made diet guidance explaining the current health conditions and what diet should be followed to prevent illnesses with the use of the antibody chip in health checkups. The author hopes that studies on functional food factors with scientific grounds for cancer prevention will remove the boundaries between different disciplines and lead to the swift establishment of a system of industry-academia-government cooperation at the initiative of young researchers as well as an environment that enables Japan to play a leading role in the global strategy for the development of disease-preventing food products.
著者
Masahiro Harazono Daichi Kitamura Masashi Nakayama
出版者
ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
雑誌
Acoustical Science and Technology (ISSN:13463969)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.5, pp.301-309, 2012-05-01 (Released:2012-09-01)
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
1

As a factor to characterize the sound of an electric guitar, it is thought that a characteristic of the pickup contributes most. The pickups most often used are classified roughly into single-coil models and humbucking models. The single-coil pickup is made by winding the thin wires with several thousand turns of coils around six polarizing pole pieces each corresponding to a string of the guitar, and the change in the magnetic reluctance owing to the string vibration that causes the change in the magnetic flux is transformed into an electrical signal. The humbucking pickup is composed of one magnetic circuit with two single-coil pickups, and made to be in phase electrically and out of phase magnetically for the purpose of removing circumference magnetic noise. In this paper, the response of the humbucking pickup excited by a string vibration set up by a real commercial solid body electric guitar is analyzed, and a simulation result is shown to agree with an actual measured value with sufficient precision. In addition, the response of the humbucking pickup imitated with two single-coil pickups is compared with the single-coil pickup and some additional considerations in the characteristics have been gained through analysis.
著者
中野 さやか
出版者
日本中東学会
雑誌
日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.1, pp.59-98, 2012-07-15 (Released:2018-03-30)

In this article, I will focus on 97 singers whose biographies are recorded in Kitāb al-Aghānī, written by Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī. The aim is to analyze the parent-child and teacher-student relationships between the singers and the way in which the singers were connected with the courts of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. In the first chapter, I will analyze the 97 singers appearing in the book according to the periods during which they lived and the social status they had, with reference to a list of the singers. Subsequently, I will attempt to identify a large faction of professional singers existing among the 97 singers. In the second chapter, I will analyze how this large group of singers was connected with the courts of the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty. Through this analysis, I would like to make clear the social role the singers took on and also the cultural continuity between the Umayyad court and the Abbasid court. In the third chapter, I will focus on 100 Songs, that were selected from those sung in the Abbasid court. Those songs were applied by the author, Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, as the first criteria in selecting songs for Kitāb al-Aghānī. Here, it should be noted that 100 Songs includes lyrics written by singers whose individual biographies and anecdotes are not recorded in the book. A comparison between such “anonymous” singers and the large faction of major singers whose information is recorded in the book in detail will reveal the way in which people from the ninth century through the tenth century adopted and rejected information concerning the court.
著者
金子 ひろみ
出版者
Brewing Society of Japan
雑誌
日本醸造協会誌 (ISSN:09147314)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.105, no.7, pp.447-454, 2010 (Released:2016-01-21)
参考文献数
6

この度日本酒造組合中央会は,日本酒が常備されていない家庭にも,飲用以外の用途で日本酒をおいていただくことを目的として,「日本酒を,すべての家庭に」というキャンペーンをスタートさせた。健康や美容に良い日本酒を健康的に飲むためのおつまみなどについて研究をしてこられた管理栄養士,料理研究家そして日本酒スタイリストとしてご活躍中の筆者に,その経験を生かして,飲用以外に日本酒を使う実例やその効果・効能などをわかりやすく解説をしていただいた。このキャンペーンをとおして,日本の全世帯に日本酒が備えられ,料理などに幅広く活用されることを願っている。
著者
辻 由希
出版者
日本選挙学会
雑誌
選挙研究 (ISSN:09123512)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.90-102, 2013 (Released:2017-12-06)
参考文献数
33

日本における女性の過少代表性はつとに指摘されてきたが,近年,国会・地方議員に加えて首長にも女性が進出している。そこで本稿では,女性首長の増加の要因を明らかにするため,戦後全女性首長の経歴調査と現役女性市長の事例分析を行う。女性首長の経歴調査からは,女性を周辺化してきた労働市場構造を反映し,二つのキャリアパス(公務員・資格職と,地方議員)を経た女性たちが首長となっていることが明らかになった。とくに市町村では地方議員出身の女性首長が多い。また現役女性市長の事例からは,当選の背景に旧来の地方政治行政への批判があったこと,当選後はケアサービスの供給拡大と財政健全化という今日の地方政府が共通に直面する課題への対応がみられることが分かった。以上から本稿は日本における政治経済レジームの再編,すなわちケアの社会化と地方分権とが女性首長の登場を促していると主張する。

8 0 0 0 OA 自由討論

出版者
日本爬虫両棲類学会
雑誌
爬虫両棲類学雑誌 (ISSN:02853191)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.4, pp.120-122, 1976-12-31 (Released:2009-03-27)
著者
須貝 哲郎
出版者
Meeting of Osaka Dermatological Association
雑誌
皮膚 (ISSN:00181390)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.310-317, 1987 (Released:2010-08-25)
参考文献数
3

酢酸デキサメタゾン0.025%を主薬とするS-3470軟膏 (シオノギD軟膏®) の治験をアトピー性皮膚炎13例を含む湿疹皮膚炎群26例と虫刺症20例の計46例において試み, 全例に副作用を認めず, 前者で92.3%, 後者で90.0%の高い有用率をえた。
著者
独立行政法人科学技術振興機構
出版者
国立研究開発法人 科学技術振興機構
雑誌
JSTnews (ISSN:13496085)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2014, no.10, pp.8-11, 2014-10-01 (Released:2020-03-31)

プラスチックは製品として米国で約100年前に誕生した。日本で日用品として出回ってから半世紀になる。軽くて強く、加工が簡単で使い易いなど、メリットが多い。しかし原料として石油資源を大量に消費することや、自然界に廃棄物として長期間残存し、たくさんの生物に害を及ぼしてしまうことが大きな問題になってきた。これらを解決すると期待されるのが「微生物工場」による生分解性プラスチックの大量生産技術。その裏では微生物を相手に実用化への苦労の日々が続いた。生分解性プラスチックが、地球生命圏の救世主になる日は来るのだろうか。
著者
鍵山 直子 水島 友子
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬理学会
雑誌
日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.141, no.3, pp.141-149, 2013 (Released:2013-03-08)
参考文献数
16
被引用文献数
3

平成17年(2005年)の動物愛護管理法改正により動物実験の国際原則である3R(Replacement,Reduction,Refinement)が明文化され,翌年の施行にあわせて環境省は,同法に基づく実験動物の飼養保管基準を告示,文部科学省,厚生労働省,農林水産省は,3R原則を踏まえた動物実験基本指針を告示または通知した.このような動物実験に関する法的枠組は,平成24年(2012年)の法改正でも継続された.科学研究の進歩を支えることの重要性に鑑み,動物実験は研究機関による自主管理によってその適正化が図られている.しかし,実験動物をみだりに殺し,傷つけ,苦しめれば,動物愛護管理法によって処罰されるし,動物実験基本指針を遵守しなければ,氏名の公表や研究費の返還命令によって研究者生命を失うことにもなりかねない.研究機関等は法的枠組を踏まえ,日本学術会議(科学者)が発出した動物実験ガイドライン(動物実験の倫理指針)を参考にしつつ,それぞれ自主・自律的に動物実験を規制している(動物実験の自主管理).法的枠組と自主管理を組み合わせた枠組規制は,自由闊達で創意工夫に富んだ生命科学研究を決して妨げるものではない.自主管理の信頼性・網羅性・透明性は,研究者による動物実験計画の立案,機関の動物実験委員会による審査,機関長による承認と自己点検評価,外部検証および情報開示によって担保される.動物実験計画の審査は,動物の苦痛と動物実験がもたらす意義の相対評価(harm-benefit analysis)によってなされる.なかでも,研究者が動物の苦痛を正しく理解し,可能な限り軽減しているかどうかが重要と考え,筆者の所属する研究所の動物実験委員会は,実験処置コード表を作成し動物実験審査要領に添付した.本論文の後半で紹介したい.
著者
平田 諭治
出版者
日本英学史学会
雑誌
英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1994, no.26, pp.59-70, 1993 (Released:2009-10-07)
参考文献数
22

“Kyoiku Chokugo” was formally introduced abroad by Dairoku Kikuchi in1907. The official English translation is the Imperial Rescript on Education which was based on Kikuchi's tentative translation. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the authorized version.Kikuchi prepared his translation of the Imperial Rescript relative to Education for his lectures on Japanese education at the University of London. His version was criticized in the English scholars' circles in Japan, and some other versions appeared before long. However, Kikuchi didn't support these versions, especially those written in biblical English.After that, the Imperial Rescript on Education was translated faithfully from the original, keeping the solemn tone. It was translated as the fundamental principle of Japanese education in order to gain approval overseas. The key word “Kokutai” in Japanese was changed from Kikuchi's “national constitution” to “the fundamental character of Our Empire”, and this is the only free translation in the official version. At London University, Kikuchi pointed out the importance of “Kokutai” to the British citizens and explained its translation, which symbolized the national characteristics of Japan before World War II.
著者
紀田 康雄 柏木 厚典 田中 逸 小川 勉 阿部 奈々美 池淵 元祥 朝比奈 崇介 高木 敬文 吉川 隆一 繁田 幸男
出版者
一般社団法人 日本糖尿病学会
雑誌
糖尿病 (ISSN:0021437X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.4, pp.277-283, 1993-04-30 (Released:2011-03-02)
参考文献数
30

自律神経障害を有する糖尿病患者の突然死は既に報告されているが, その頻度や臨床特徴は明らかではない. 本研究では606例の糖尿病患者の中での突然死の頻度と臨床的特徴を調べた. 平均観察期間は7年であった. さらに交感神経機能の指標としてのQTc間隔を, これら糖尿病患者と年齢, 性をマッチした45例の非糖尿病健常者とで比較し, 突然死との関係を検討した. 1) これら606例の糖尿病患者中既に127例が死亡しており, 39例 (約31%) が突然死であった. 2) 突然死例は生存例と比較すると高齢で高血圧, 虚血性心疾患, 自律神経障害, 末梢神経障害, 壊疽, 腎症の合併頻度が高かった. 3) 突然死例の死因には心・脳血管障害が多かったが, 半数以上で死因の詳細は不明であった. 4) QTcは糖尿病群では生存例 (418±26msec), 突然死例 (445±33msec) 共に対照群 (401±17msec) と比べ有意に延長していた. 5) 突然死群の著明なQTc延長には自律神経障害の関与が示唆された.