著者
Akira S. Hirao Atsushi Kumata Toshihito Takagi Yoshito Sasaki Takashi Shigihara Eiichi Kimura Shingo Kaneko
出版者
The Mycological Society of Japan
雑誌
Mycoscience (ISSN:13403540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.3, pp.79-87, 2022-05-31 (Released:2022-05-31)
参考文献数
45

Pholiota microspora (“nameko” in Japanese) is one of the most common edible mushrooms, especially in Japan, where sawdust-based cultivation is the most dominant method accounting for 99% of the production. The current strains for sawdust cultivation in Japan are considered to have been derived from a single wild strain collected from Fukushima, Japan, implying that commercial nameko mushrooms are derived from a severe genetic bottleneck. We tested this single founder hypothesis by developing 14 microsatellite markers for P. microspora to evaluate the genetic diversity of 50 cultivars and 73 wild strains isolated from across Japan. Microsatellite analysis demonstrated that sawdust-cultivated strains from Japan were significantly less genetically diverse than the wild strains, and the former displayed a significant bottleneck signature. Analyzing the genetic relationships among all genotypes also revealed that the sawdust-cultivated samples clustered into one monophyletic subgroup. Moreover, the sawdust-cultivated samples in Japan were more closely related than full-sibs. These results were consistent with the single founder hypothesis that suggests that all commercial nameko mushrooms produced in Japan are descendants of a single ancestor. Therefore, we conclude that cultivated P. microspora originated from a single domestication event that substantially reduced the diversity of commercial nameko mushrooms in Japan.
著者
梯 滋郎 中村 晋一郎 沖 大幹 沖 一雄
出版者
公益社団法人 土木学会
雑誌
土木学会論文集B1(水工学) (ISSN:2185467X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.4, pp.I_1489-I_1494, 2014 (Released:2015-05-18)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
4

In Japan, safety degree against flood is said to have increased by river improvement. However, frequently flooded areas still exist. This means that frequently flooded areas has some characteristics which prevent river improvement. Therefore it is important to clarify the distribution and characteristics of frequently flooded areas for thinking about future river improvement plans.In this research, we clarified the distribution of frequently flooded areas in Japan, using flooded area maps. As a result, it is clarified that most frequently flooded areas exist in narrow valley plains, and the reason why such areas are still flooded is difficulty of embankment.
著者
大沢 真理
出版者
日本家族社会学会
雑誌
家族社会学研究 (ISSN:0916328X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.1, pp.24-35, 2015-04-30 (Released:2017-02-04)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
1 1

働いて稼ぐこと,子どもを生み育てることにかかわる社会政策の影響を,比較ジェンダー分析する.1985年以来の相対的貧困率や非正規労働者比率の推移,近年の賃金動向を手がかりとして,日本において就業条件が劣化してきたことを概観する(Ⅲ).また,2000年代末のOECD諸国の貧困率および貧困削減率を検討する.日本では,税・社会保障制度による貧困削減率が,成人が全員就業する世帯や子ども(がいる世帯)にとって,マイナスである(Ⅳ–1).所得再分配がかえって貧困を深めるという事態はOECD諸国で異例であり,労働力人口の急減が憂慮される社会として,極めて不合理である.税・社会保障の負担面を見ると,日本の制度は累進度が最も低い部類であり,ひとり親世帯の負担が不釣り合いに重い.ただし民主党政権下の子ども手当は,所得が低い層ほど負担を大きく軽減していた(Ⅳ–2).Ⅴではアベノミクスの「成果」を検証したうえで,若干の展望を述べる.
著者
佐藤 徹
出版者
日本科学史学会
雑誌
科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.164, pp.193-206, 1987 (Released:2021-09-21)

Archimedes gave geometrical demonstrations to find the volume of a sphere and the ellipsoids of revolution in totally different ways, although both lead to the same integral,∫[2a,0]x (2a — x)dx. Nicolas Bourbaki -a group of French mathematicians-state their views on why Archimedes had no concept of integral calculus as follows: "Might it not be that Archimedes regarded such a standpoint as extreme 'abstraction,'and dared to concentrate on studying characteristic properties of each figure he was working on ?" Certainly there is something in what Nicolas Bourbaki say. However, their views do not answer fully the question To the solution of this difficult problem, in my opinion, an important clue can be found by considering Archimedes' scholastic career in chronological order. It was not until Archimedes wrote On Spirals in his late forties or early fifties that he could work out the summing of the series 1²+2²+…n². In his later work On Conoids and Spheroids Archimedes could obtain for the first time the sum of a series ∑Xk(2a—Xk), necessary to give geometrical proofs about the volume of the ellipsoids of revolution However,it was difficult for Archimedes,in writing On the Sphere and Cylinder I, to obtain the sum. Therefore, he proved the theorem about the volume of a sphere in a way not making use of such summation When the same integral appeared, Archimedes could not notice the internal connection unifying them. This may be because, for one thing, he excluded from geometry, due to their mechanical nature, the discussions using indivisibles found in The Method which could have been a clue toward noticing the internal connection. Secondly, obtaining the sum of a series was not a simple matter to Archimedes who lacked the necessary algebraic symbols.
著者
高橋 松人
出版者
公益財団法人 山階鳥類研究所
雑誌
山階鳥類学雑誌 (ISSN:13485032)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.1, pp.33-46, 2011-09-30 (Released:2013-09-30)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
1

The Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii is endemic to Japan and information on its breeding ecology in the wild is fragmentary. To examine the breeding schedule and mating system of this species, I set artificial feeding stations at three sites in Mie Prefecture, Japan, from 2003 to 2009, and observed courtship display, drumming, wattle around the eye, and molt of individuals. Individuals were identified mainly by body (and tail) size and plumage color. The egg-laying period was estimated to be from mid-March to April, based on the breeding schedule of individuals in cages. Males and females had bright red wattles from late-February to April and late-February to May, respectively. The mating period was obscure because courtship displays were observed in June, September and November. Males molted their tail from late June to early November. Some young females and adult females used feeders together until the following May. If they belonged to the same family, the family period lasted for one year. Young males disappeared from the family group in late August. At each feeding station, there was one male and female that continued to use the feeder and appeared together at the feeder. Although other males and females sometimes used the feeder, courtship displays were observed only between the male and female that used the feeder continuously. Only the male that continually used the feeder showed drumming by wing whirring. These results suggest that the Copper Pheasant is socially monogamous.
著者
小茂田 昌代
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.141, no.7, pp.887-909, 2021-07-01 (Released:2021-07-01)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
1

The difficult experience of treating scabies in an elderly hospital reaffirmed my determination and responsibilities as a pharmacist. In 2000, there was no effective treatment for scabies in Japan. With the Japan Pharmaceutical Association as well as the Japanese Dermatological Association, the indication of ivermectin which is the intestinal fecal nematode was expanded for scabies. Since it was found that the administration of ivermectin through a tube to patients who could not take it orally had a dose loss of 50% depending on the injection method, an appropriate administration method was proposed. However, the oral administration of ivermectin has side effects including systemic liver damage, and external preparations require labor for systemic application, and recurrence from unapplied areas is also a problem. Therefore, we devised a whole-body bathing, in which patients are immersed in a fluid that contains ivermectin. The repeated ivermectin bathing three times a week cured scabies and has no problematic side effects in the clinical trial, suggesting that this method is a safer treatment. Next, in Okinawa, phenothrin-resistant head lice infestation was prevalent, and no medical drug for this infestation is available in Japan yet. Hence, to address this situation, we conducted a clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of 5% topical phenothrin and the unapproved 0.5% topical ivermectin. Consequently, 92% and 100% effectiveness were obtained in Okinawa and Tsukuba, respectively. As a result, we were able to conduct research aimed to maximize the safety and effectiveness of ivermectin in Japan.
著者
日本健康学会理事会
出版者
日本健康学会
雑誌
日本健康学会誌 (ISSN:24326712)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.85, no.4, pp.i-vi, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-08-23)
参考文献数
24
被引用文献数
1 2
著者
久恒 靖人 松下 恒久 野田 顕義 天神 和美 佐治 攻 榎本 武治 民上 真也 福永 哲 大坪 毅人
出版者
日本腹部救急医学会
雑誌
日本腹部救急医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13402242)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.7, pp.875-878, 2015-11-30 (Released:2016-03-02)
参考文献数
8

性的嗜好により経肛門的異物挿入で直腸穿孔となった症例を経験した。症例1,64歳男性。以前よりホースを肛門に挿入する自慰行為を行っていた。受傷当日も,ホースを使用した自慰行為を施行していたが,行為後より腹痛を認め,経過観察するも症状悪化したため近医へ救急搬送された。近医で処置困難と診断され当院へ紹介となった。精査にて直腸穿孔を認め,ホースによる直腸穿孔と診断し,緊急開腹術を施行した。症例2,75歳男性。友人に肛門へソーセージを挿入された。その後,ソーセージの排泄は認めず,腹痛増悪したため近医を受診された。イレウスと診断され,当院紹介受診。精査にてソーセージによる直腸穿孔と診断し,緊急開腹術を施行した。性的行為による経肛門的直腸異物挿入での直腸穿孔はまれであるため若干の文献的考察を加え報告する。
著者
柳原 良江
出版者
科学技術社会論学会
雑誌
科学技術社会論研究 (ISSN:13475843)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.17, pp.79-92, 2019-04-20 (Released:2020-04-20)
参考文献数
21

代理出産は1976 年に米国で発明された商業的な契約である.当時の批判的な世論に影響された結果,商業的要素の低い人助けとしての位置づけがなされた.その後ベビーM事件により下火となるも,1990 年代に体外受精を用いる形で普及し,2000 年代からは生殖アウトソーシングと呼ばれる越境代理出産が流行し,世界的な一大市場を形成してきた. このような代理出産には,乳児売買,かつ女性の赤ちゃん工場化であるとの批判がなされてきたが,後者は女性の〈妊娠・出産というサービス〉と解釈されることで,身体の商品化を免れるレトリックが構築されてきた.しかし代理出産の現状は,それが女性の生命機能全体の商品化であることを示している. これら代理出産を支える論理は,生命科学知により分節化されつつ発展する「生-資本」が機能する社会の中で構築されている.そして代理出産市場は,このような社会で人の潜在的な〈生殖可能性〉を喚起しながら拡大を続けている.
著者
下村 忠弘 山本 一彦 栗原 都 柳生 貴裕 高野 梨沙 桐田 忠昭
出版者
社団法人 日本口腔外科学会
雑誌
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215163)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, no.10, pp.600-603, 2012-10-20 (Released:2014-11-20)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
2

A case of sting wounds of the oral mucosa caused by spermatophores of a raw squid is reported. The patient was a 61-year-old woman. She noticed pain of the oral mucosa immediately after eating part of a raw squid. Several milky white, club-shaped foreign bodies measuring 3 to 5 mm were stuck in the tongue, buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth. These were not mobile and were hard to remove. The clinical diagnosis was sting wounds of the oral mucosa caused by spermatophores of a squid. These foreign bodies were excised together with the surrounding tissue under local anesthesia. Wound healing was uneventful. Histologically, the foreign bodies contained numerous spermatozoa and were identified as spermatothecae, which were ejected from the spermatophores of a raw squid.
著者
坪井 潤一 片野 修 水本 寛基 荒木 仁志
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
保全生態学研究 (ISSN:13424327)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2224, (Released:2023-09-08)
参考文献数
38

オオクチバスMicropterus nigricansは水圏生態系に大きな影響を与えることからIUCNの世界の侵略的外来種ワースト100に指定されている。オオクチバスの駆除は多くの湖沼や河川で行われているが、小規模な水域における池干しを除くと、完全駆除に成功した事例は少ない。そこで本研究では、長野県の金原ダム湖において2007年からオオクチバス根絶のため、シュノーケリングによる産卵床の除去、仔稚魚のすくい取り、未成魚と成魚のカゴ網、投網、刺し網、手づかみ、釣り、水中銃による捕獲を行い、シュノーケルを用いた潜水調査や環境DNAの解析により個体群のモニタリングを行った。幼魚の捕獲にはアイカゴが、大型魚を除く未成魚、成魚については岸の水深変化に対応した「かけ上がり用刺し網」が、大型魚については水中銃が効果的であった。年間捕獲個体数は2010年に1,472個体に達した。産卵床数は2012年に131箇所に達したが、その後急速に減少した。2014年には産卵床の見逃しにより約5,000個体の稚魚が生じた。しかし、陸上および水中から、たも網を用いて捕獲を行い、その大部分が捕獲された。興味深いことに、オオクチバス駆除にともなって、トウヨシノボリRhinogobius kurodaiが増加し、オオクチバスの卵を捕食するところが確認された。2016年以降産卵床は形成されず、成魚についても、2018年に1個体が捕獲されてから観察されなくなった。以上の結果から、金原ダム湖のオオクチバスは完全に駆除されたか、わずかに生息していたとしても残存個体が高齢化するなどして新たに繁殖することができず、機能的に根絶したものと考えられる。一方、オオクチバスの種特異プライマーを用いた環境DNA解析は2018年から2022年にかけての計4回全てで微量ながら陽性となっており、少なくともダム湖周辺にはオオクチバス生息の可能性が示唆された。このことから、ダム湖のオオクチバス根絶後も再導入リスクは依然残されており、今後も継続的・定期的なモニタリングが重要と考えられる。
著者
古谷野 哲夫
出版者
日本結晶学会
雑誌
日本結晶学会誌 (ISSN:03694585)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.5, pp.319-322, 2014-10-31 (Released:2014-10-31)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
1

Chocolate consists of solid particles such as cocoa, sugar, and milk solids which are dispersed in a continuous fat phase. The major fat in chocolate is cocoa butter, and it is crystallized at room temperature, so chocolate is a food which we eat crystals. Therefore, fat crystals play a great role in chocolate quality and storage stability. In this paper, polymorphism of cocoa butter and the transformation of polymorphic forms are reviewed including recent results.