著者

好田 由佳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本家政学会

雑誌

日本家政学会誌 (ISSN:09135227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.12, pp.783-794, 2010-12-15 (Released:2013-07-16)

参考文献数

61

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The purpose of this study is to explore the transfiguration of the image of girls' bodies in the late Victorian era through fashion expression. The material I have used for conducting this research is The Girl's Own Paper, The Graphic, The Queen, and The Science of Dress from the 1880s. An important point to emphasize is the fact that imperialism and the progress of medical science of the late Victorian era affected the transfiguration of body image. First, it was clear that the influence of imperialism on girls' health was important. For promoting health, we could understand the necessity of fresh air, free time and rest, cleanliness, proper exercise, and hygienic principles of dress. Second, the rise of outdoor recreation led to changes in dress; for example, the apron for lawn tennis and the hygienic corset. Third, hygienic dress for girls was discussed in magazines, newspapers, and books in the late Victorian period. In conclusion, the body' image of girls greatly changed in the late Victorian period.

著者

鈴木 正崇

出版者

三田哲學會

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:05632099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, pp.447-514, 2012-03

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特集 : 社会学 社会心理学 文化人類学投稿論文Mountain Worship is the important element to understand the basic folk culture in Japan. This paper analyzes the mountain worship of Mt. Chōkai (2,236 m) in Tōhoku area under the historical and folkloric perspective and shows the development and the transformation of folk culture. We explore the process of the continuity and discontinuity of folk culture by checking historical documents and oral tradition in detail. This paper writes down the critical comments on these. Some features of mountain worship are the following; supporting on the water supply, praying for fertility of agriculture, calming on the explosion of volcano, consoling the dead spirits, guarding of good life and so on.After the middle age, Shugendō, the religious group of mountain practitioner has been affected the great influence on the folk culture and established the unique ritual system of mountain climbing called "Mineiri" (entering into the peak). Furthermore, we explore the some features of this kind of asterism and make the interpretation of concepts and ideas related to Shugendō and the basic culture. Then we show several climbing routes to Mt. Chōkai and discuss on the religious character of them and Shugendō village on the foot of the mountain.In conclusion, I have made a special reference on the process of how the folk culture of mountain worship has continued and survived under the radical political change. In the end, the new trend to preserve the nature as a cultural property has discussed to clarify the modernization of mountain worship.

著者

柳 洋介 高田 まゆら 宮下 直

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生態学会

雑誌

保全生態学研究 (ISSN:13424327)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.65-74, 2008-05-30 (Released:2018-02-09)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

7

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房総半島の森林において、シカが土壌の物理環境へ与える影響とその因果関係を明らかにするための広域調査と野外操作実験を行った。広域調査では、シカ密度と森林タイプ(スギ林、ヒノキ林、広葉樹林)の異なる林で、土壌硬度やリター量といった土壌の変数と、下層植生の被度や斜度などの環境変数を調査した。このデータをもとに、パス解析とBICを用いたモデル選択を行い、因果関係を推定した。スギ林においては、シカ密度はリター量や土壌硬度に何ら影響を与えていなかった。ヒノキ林では、シカ密度が下層植生被度の減少を通して土壌硬度を上昇させ、リター量を減少させる間接的な経路が検出されたが、広葉樹林では、シカ密度が土壌硬度に直接影響する経路が選択された。操作実験では、スギ林とヒノキ林においてシカの嗜好性植物の刈り取り処理を行った。その結果、ヒノキ林では、嗜好性植物の除去が土砂やリター移動量を増加させ、土壌硬度を上昇させたが、スギ林では広域調査と同様に、そうした影響は検出されなかった。以上の結果から、シカが土壌の物理環境へ与える影響は森林の樹種構成によって大きく異なること、また土壌の物理性の変化については、雨滴衝撃や土砂移動によって地表面にクラスト層が形成されていることが示唆された。こうした土壌環境の改変は、生態系のレジームシフトを助長する可能性があり、今後詳細な研究が不可欠と思われる。

著者

大久保 利謙

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.41_a-26_a, 1978-03-25

著者

曾布川 寛

出版者

東洋史研究会

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.349-380, 2010-12

著者

小田桐 弘子

出版者

大手前大学・大手前短期大学

雑誌

大手前大学人文科学部論集 (ISSN:13462105)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.1-16, 2005

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もし、「ミニヨンの歌」が「レモンの木は花咲き…」ではなく原詩の通りKennst du das Landの直訳ではじまっていたらどうであったろうか。「レモン」の訳語によって日本近代詩史が始まったことは既に先学により、実証されているところである。小論は、このレモンからの連想である梶井基次郎の「檸檬」をつないで、私観を述べたものである。

著者

間野 静雄 淀 太我 石崎 大介 吉岡 基

出版者

Japanese Society for Aquaculture Science

雑誌

水産増殖 (ISSN:03714217)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.89-97, 2014-03-20 (Released:2015-04-02)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

6

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長良川ではアユの小型化が問題となっている。天然遡上個体以外に人工種苗,琵琶湖産種苗,海産種苗が放流されている長良川において,まず,各由来の放流用種苗の耳石 Sr/Ca 比と外部形態の特徴を把握し,その結果に基づいて10月下旬に夜網漁によって採捕した72個体の由来判別を行ったところ,86.1%が天然遡上個体,9.7%が人工種苗,4.2%が海産種苗と判別され,琵琶湖産種苗は認められなかった。また,天然遡上個体は放流種苗より有意に小さく,採捕時の体長は孵化日や遡上日との間に相関はない一方で,遡上時の逆算体長や河川生活期における瞬間成長率との間に正の相関がみられた。以上のことから,秋季に長良川でみられる小さなアユは,河川遡上時に相対的に体長が小さく,これにより遡上後も成長の悪かった天然遡上個体と考えられた。

著者

間野 静雄 淀 太我 吉岡 基

出版者

日本水産増殖学会

雑誌

水産増殖 (ISSN:03714217)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.185-192, 2018 (Released:2019-09-20)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

4

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庄内川下流の小田井堰堤がアユの遡上に与える影響を明らかにするため,堰堤下流,魚道,河川中流における CPUE の経日変化,耳石 EPMA 分析から推定した河川進入時期,ならびに体サイズの特徴を解析した。堰堤下流では4月5日に投網で初めてアユが採捕され,6月中旬に CPUE が最高値を示した。魚道では5月中旬まで採捕される個体がきわめて少なかったが,5月下旬に急増し,同時期に CPUE が最高となった。堰堤下流には河川進入後80日程経過している体長の大きな個体がみられたが,魚道では体長の大きな個体はみられなかった。また,河川中流の個体の河川進入時期は4月上旬が最も多く,堰堤下流では4月下旬,魚道では5月中旬であった。以上のことから,早い時期に庄内川に進入した個体のうち,停滞なく小田井堰堤の魚道を利用した個体は上流へ遡上するが,すぐに利用せずに停滞した個体は環境の悪い堰堤下流に定住してしまうと考えられた。

著者

アニメージュ編集部編

出版者

徳間書店

巻号頁・発行日

1988

著者

松浦 誠 Matsuura Makoto

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.89-135, 1999-03-15

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In this review, the history and present situation of insect food in Japan are described focusing on wasp and hornet broods.1. Insect food was reported for the first time in the Edo era and main edible insects in those days were exemplified by the rice grasshoppers and wasp broods. Among these, roasted or baked rice grasshoppers were not only eaten in farming villages where rice was grown but also marketed in big cities as snacks for children. However, insects other than rice grasshopper were taken seemingly only in very special areas. In the Taisho era, Miyake (1919) surveyed edible insects all over Japan using a questionnaire method and thus reported 55 species of edibte insects including 48 identified species (rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, cicadas, silkworms, etc.) and 7 unknown ones. Main examples of insects eaten in Japan from the early period of the Showa era up to now include rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, silkworms and cicadas. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, rice grasshoppers were eaten commonly all over Japan and distributed as a valuable nutritional source both in big cities and farming villages. Until 1950s, boiled and seasoned rice grasshoppers (tsukudani) and dried rice grasshoppers were sold in grocery stores even in big cities such as Tokyo. Today, these products are served mainly in luxury food stores as snacks with drinks in restaurants at local specialties and hotels. However, the rice grasshoppers used in these products are partly imported from China, etc. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, silkworm pupae were eaten throughout Japan mainly by silkworm-raising farmers, workers in silk mills and some ordinary families as a fat-rich food, though there is little need for silkworm pupae for edible use today. 2, According to "Shozan Chomon Kishu" written by Shozan Miyoshi (1850) in the Edo era, Vespula. spp. was already eaten in Mino (Gifu Prefecture) and Kiso(Nagano Prefecture). Methods for collecting nets of this insect and cooking it were described in this book. In the Taisho era, various wasp and hornet larvae were eaten in various ways (fresh, boiled, blended with rice, etc.) in 20 prefectures from Hokkaido to Kagoshima. Today, larvae and pupae of insects belonging to the genus Vespa (V. mandarinia, V. simillima, etc.) contained in combs are sold in autumn in grocery stores in mountain villages of Miyazaki, Ishikawa, Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, etc. These wasp and hornet larvae are not only used in domestic dishes but fried or boiled and seasoned with mirin, sugar, soy sauce, etc., and served in restaurants, etc. Vespula flaviceps larva dishes are one of delicacies in the Chubu area including Nagano, Gifu and Aichi both in big cities and farming villages. The most popular one in these areas is rice cooked with wasp and hornet broods which are generally eaten during special events such as the autumn festivals. In addition, there are various dishes with the use of cooked, fried or pickled VI. flaviceps broods. 3. In Nagano and Gifu Prefecture, fresh wasp and hornet larvae and pupae in combs are marketed as a food even now. The average wasp and hornet broods received by Tono Fish / Vegetable Market (Nakatsugawa-shi, Gifu Prefecture) during 19 years (1978 - 1996) amounted to 4.2 t/year. The maximum demand (9.2 t) was established in 1986 while less than 1t of wasp and hornet broods could be obtained in some years. Fresh wasp and hornet broods arrive at the market from September to November attaining the peak usually in October. The highest price was ¥14,983/kg (1978) with the lowest being ¥3,046/kg(1983). 4. Most of wasp and hornet broods were sent to the markets in Gifu and Nagano Prefecture but those produced in other prefectures are supplied from Nishinasuno-cho and Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture). In this area, the wasp and hornet nests were collected by about 500 specialists called “Toriko" involving 50 full-time workers. From September to November, they covered the mountains and field areas not only in their own prefecture Tochigi but in the Tohoku and Kanto areas to collect Vespula spp. nests. The collected nests were bought up by 2 brokers. 500kg/day of nets are purchased by each broker and the maximum annual yield amounts to 15 t. Through September to November in 1996, the price of these nests was ¥4,500/kg, though the price rangss from ¥7,000 to ¥10,000/kg in 1980s. A Toriko collector can usually collect from 7 to 8 kg/day of wasp nets, while a skilled one can collect 15 kg/day of nets. In an abundant year, a collector can sometimes get even 20 to 30 kg of nests in one day. These Toriho collectors, in this area, originate in the facts that wasp and hornet broods in this area had been used since 1920s in canned product plants established in Nagano Prefecture and that a number of skilled nest collectors came to this area from Nagano for cultivating Nasu Highland during the Taisho era. The characteristic Toriko collectors originating in these persons have been contributing to the provision of wasp nests up to now. 5. Seasoned and canned or bottled wasp products are widely sold today in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Canned wasp products are produced by removing Vespula spp. larvae or pupae from nests and boiling them with soy sauce, sugar, artificial seasonings, etc. After a manufacturer had started the business in 1910 in Nagano Prefecture, 7 to 9 t/year of canned products were produced in ten and several places in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture from 1910 to 1930. In 1970s, the annual output amounted to 17 to 20 t only in Nagano Prefecture. Today, these products, each can having 200 g of the contents, are sold at ¥2,500 to ¥3,000. In Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture), an apiarist puts on the market seasoned and bottled VI. flaviceps broods produced in this area at an output of about 1 t/year at the largest. With the decrease in the wasp broods collected in Japan, Vespula spp. broods have been imported from Korea since 1989. Before shipment, these larvae and pupae are taken out from the nests, semi-processed (boiled or seasoned with salt) and then packed in 18 ℓ cans. These imported products in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Also, Vespula germanica larvae and pupae have been imported from New Zealand and employed as materials for processing recently. Canned drone honeybee pupae seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and artificial seasonings were marketed by apiarists in Nagano Prefecture in 1960s. At present, apiarists all over Japan participate in manufacturing these products. Recently, semi-processed (boiled with salt) drone honeybee pupae imported from Taiwan and China are also being used. 6. The nutritional value of wasp and hornet broods widely depending on the type, shape, growth conditions, the time of collecting nests, etc. Among all, queen larvae in autumn with the maximum development of the nests are marketed at the highest price, since they are large in size, contain much fat-bodies and have a rich taste, compared with those of the worker wasps.7. Wasp and hornet broods employed in these products are collected in the field. Since of the recent decrease in the nest resource and the elevated price, attempts have been frequently made to collect nests during the early stage followed by raising and put these enlarged nests on the market. In Nagano, Gifu, Aichi Prefecture, etc., it is the fashion now that the men collect nests in June to August immediately after the eclosion of worker wasps and artificially keep the colony in a nest box by feeding with a large amount of fish, chicken, sugar solutions, etc. However, it has never been succeeded so far to make an overwintered-queen wasp to found her nest during the spring.8. Now, the history of wasp and hornet food in China and Thailand is also described. In some areas in these countries, wasp and hornet broods are still much more expensive than beef or pork. Wasp and hornet larvae are eaten as luxury food in ordinary homes and restaurants.9. Fresh Vespula spp. larvae and pupae have been marketed as a food for singing pet birds since the Edo era.10. Lately, insect food including wasp and hornet food are characterized by the reduction in species of edible insects and succession of traditional food not throughout Japan but in restricted areas. Although the wasp and hornet food have been on a serious decline from the nationwide viewpoint, new wasp and hornet dishes for high grade restaurants, etc. which are different from the traditional local specialties have been developed in some areas including Nagano, Gifu, Aichi and Miyazaki Prefecture, thus increasing the need for the wasp and hornet food by those who have never tried to eat them. That is to say, the wasp and hornet food show tendencies toward extremes in their decline and development. In Japan, there is a great variety of wasp and hornet dishes which can never been seen in other countries. Accordingly, it is to be emphasized here that wasp and hornet food are highly characteristic of Japan, compared even with the areas in China, Thailand, etc. where wasp and hornet foods are highly popular.

著者

信濃郷土研究會 [編集]

出版者

信濃郷土研究會

巻号頁・発行日

1949

著者

松岡 是伸

出版者

名寄市立大学

雑誌

紀要 (ISSN:18817440)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.69-89, 2007-03

被引用文献数

1

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本研究は日本の生活保護行政の「濫給防止」的制度運用が、生活保護制度にスティグマを付随させたことを明らかにする。そのために生活保護行政(主に監査)に着目し,その制度運用について戦後から1990年代までを議論の俎上にあげ,分析・検討・記述等を行った。

著者

加我 君孝

出版者

The Japan Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics

雑誌

音声言語医学 (ISSN:00302813)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.266-271, 2000-07-20 (Released:2010-06-22)

参考文献数

7

著者

佐々木 星太朗 白木 善尚

雑誌

研究報告音楽情報科学(MUS)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013-MUS-99, no.36, pp.1-6, 2013-05-04

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歌唱合成音声とは,音声合成・デスクトップミュージック(DTM)ソフトウェア等を用いて,コンピュータ上で生成された歌唱音声である.本研究では,歌唱合成音声のハスキーボイス化の方法を提案する.ハスキーボイス化の基本的な手法は,音声信号の声帯情報である残差信号に処理を加える「残差変換」である.この「残差変換」について本研究では二種類の方法を提案している.さらに「残差変換」処理後の音質向上を図るためイコライザーの応用を試みる.また残差信号の振幅情報から「残差変換」処理のレヴェルを決定することによって,ハスキーボイスの自動生成を行なう.提案した二種類の「残差変換」法,イコライザ一応用法,自動生成法,の4つの手法を用いて合成した音声の聴取実験を行い,魅力的なハスキーボイス化のためにはどのような手法や指標に有用性があるのかについて,検証する.

著者

小林 惇道

出版者

大正大学

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-16

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2019年度

著者

安室 知

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.181, pp.165-204, 2014-03

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人は自然をいかに認識するか。また,その認識のあり方は,人と自然との関係のなかでどのような意味を持つのか。人が自然物を眺めるとき,その眼差しは多様である。そのなかでも分類と命名のあり方は,もっともストレートに人がいかに自然を認識し,また利用してきたかを表すことになろう。本論文は,古くから高い商品価値を持ち続ける貝=アワビに注目して,分類・命名のあり方とその変遷を通して民俗分類の持つ文化的意味を考察し,それが現代生活といかに関わるのかを明らかにすることを目的としている。一言でいえば,生活文化体系における民俗分類の存在意義を問うことである。「学名」や「標準和名」のような生物学的なレベルの命名体系とは別に,「地方名」がある。従来,民俗分類の研究ではこの地方名が分析対象とされてきた。しかし,魚が自然界から人の手に渡って以降,商品として流通する段階でも,実はさまざまに分類・命名がなされている。それが「市場名」と「商品名」である。これまで民俗分類の研究において市場名や商品名が注目されることはなかった。しかし,現代を射程に入れた民俗研究をおこなうとき経済活動の中でどのような論理のもと分類・命名され,消費者の段階に至るのかという問題は避けて通ることはできない。調査地の佐島(神奈川県横須賀市)では,通常,ケー(貝)というとアワビを指す。また,それはナミノコ→ケーという2段階の成長段階名を持つ。さらにケーはクロッケ,マタケェ,マルッケという3種に民俗分類される。この民俗分類は生物学に基づく種の分類と一致する。こうした佐島漁師におけるアワビの分類・命名のあり方は地域の生活文化体系を反映し,かつそれ自体を構成する主な要素でもあった。それに対して,漁業協同組合や市場における分類・命名のあり方は,市場名・商品名として示されることになる。市場名・商品名は伝統的な漁師の分類・命名のあり方を受け継ぎながらも,漁協の販売戦略,流通上の便宜,仲買側の要請また消費者の嗜好といったことを受けて商業性を強く反映したものに変化していく。そのときその変化は,商品として消費者に誤解のないよう,より汎用性のある分類・命名に統一される傾向にあった。しかし,それと同時にブランド化のような差別化を図るなど,分類・命名はより細分化・複雑化される傾向も認められることが分かった。How do people recognize nature? What does the recognition mean in the relationship between nature and man? People have diverse viewpoints when they see natural objects. Especially, how to classify and name them may show in the simplest way how people have recognized and exploited nature.This paper investigates the realities and changes of grouping and naming of natural objects, mainly abalone and a shellfish that has been regarded highly valuable for a long time, to examine the cultural meaning of folk taxonomy. Moreover, this study is aimed at revealing how they are related to the modern life. In one word, the objective of this study is to assess the significance of folk classification in life and cultural systems.In addition to biological names such as scientific names and standard Japanese names, there are regional names, on which the studies of folk taxonomy have focused. On the other hand, there are a variety of classifications and names used in the commercial distribution stage after fish are transferred from nature to man. They are regarded as market names or commercial names. Although the studies of folk taxonomy have paid little attention to them, investigating how fish are classified and named through economic activities by the time they are delivered to consumers is essential for the folklore studies that also cover modern times.In the research target area, Sajima (Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture), "kê (kai)" usually means abalone. It has two different names, naminoko and kê, according to its stage of growth. Moreover, according to folk taxonomy, kê is further classified into three types: kurokke, matakê, and marukke. This classification agrees with biological taxonomy.The grouping and naming of abalone by Sajima fishermen reflect their life and cultural systems as well as constitute them. On the other hand, the classification and naming by fisheries cooperatives and markets are used for market or commercial names. While following traditional classifications and names by fishermen, market and commercial names have been established after changes that clearly reflect commerciality such as sales strategies of fisheries cooperatives, convenience in the distribution system, needs of brokers, and preference of consumers. There has been a tendency that more versatile grouping and naming methods that are easy for consumers to understand can survive the changes. It is discovered, however, that at the same time, they also tend to become more fractionated and complicated for differentiation and branding purposes.

著者

Kuwabara Tsukasa

出版者

鹿児島大学

雑誌

経済学論集 = Journal of economics and sociolgy, Kagoshima University (ISSN:03890104)

巻号頁・発行日

no.93, pp.33-39, 2019-10

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This paper is the revised version of the following: Kuwabara, T., 2017, "Symbolic Interactionism Notes" Web Release, Discussion Papers In Economics and Sociology, 1701.

著者

江澤 寛

出版者

社団法人 日本写真学会

雑誌

日本写真学会誌 (ISSN:03695662)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.3, pp.264-267, 2013-06-25 (Released:2014-06-17)

被引用文献数

2

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オリンパスでは,キレイな写真を撮りたいが,“大きい,重い,難しい”が嫌だというユーザに向け,2009年7月にマイクロ一眼「OLYMPUS PEN」シリーズを開発・発売した.しかし,一方,“ファインダーでじっくり狙いたい”,“厳しい環境に耐えられるカメラを持ちたい”などの声もあり,それに応えるために,(1)新EVFシステム,(2)高画質16M新Live Mosセンサー,(3)FAST AF,(4)防塵・防滴マグネシウムボディー,(5)5軸対応手ぶれ補正システムなどの新技術を搭載した「OM-D E-M5」を2012年3月に発売した.本稿では,これら新技術の内,5軸対応手ぶれ補正システムの技術内容について紹介する.

著者

新保 哲

出版者

文化学園大学

雑誌

文化女子大学紀要 人文・社会科学研究 (ISSN:09197796)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.45-62, 2010-01

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佐渡における庚申講をはじめその他の講について,その実態はどの様に庶民の信仰的講となって行われていたのかを紹介してみたい。たとえば,佐渡では甲子講,庚待講,二夜待講,三夜待講,己待講,七日講,十二夜講,十三日講,二十一日(真言)講,十四日(真言)講などがあった。以上の各講を,『佐渡年中行事』(柳田国男,中山徳太郎・青木重考共編,高志書院,平成十一年)と『新潟県史』(資料編23 民俗・文化財二 民俗編11,編集発行・新潟県,昭和五十九年)と『佐渡相川の歴史』(資料集八,「相川の民俗」,相川町史編纂委員会,昭和六十一年)を根本資料として導入部を論述してから,本題の庚申講の実体とその諸特色を相川に焦点を絞って考察してみたい

著者

加藤 良一 富樫 悠 長根 智洋 鈴木 隆

出版者

山形大学地域教育文化学部附属教職研究総合センター

雑誌

山形大学教職・教育実践研究 = Bulletin of Teacher Training Research Center, Yamagata University

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.1-8, 2012-03-15

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乳糖を分解した牛乳およびノンホモジナイズ牛乳以外の牛乳に, ドリンクタイプのヨーグルトをその牛乳の量の1%加えて撹拌し, それを45℃で24時間培養するとヨーグルトが作製できた。なお, ドリンクタイプのヨーグルトは, 賞味期限内かまたはそれになるべく近いものを用いる。この結果より, 中学校理科3年生, 高等学校「生物基礎」, および中学校技術・家庭科の実験教材としてこれらが提供できることを示した。キーワード:牛乳, 教材, ドリンクタイプのヨーグルト, 培養, ヨーグルトの作製