著者

坂本 将俊

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.7, pp.663-667, 2017 (Released:2017-07-01)

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我が国での抗うつ剤の歴史は1958年に世界初の抗うつ剤であるイミプラミン(商品名:トフラニール)が発売されたところから始まった。イミプラミンが発売されてから50年以上が経ち、抗うつ剤も少しずつ進化してきた。初期の抗うつ剤は副作用に大きな問題があったが、現在の抗うつ剤は安全性に優れるものが多くなってきた。しかし現在においても抗うつ剤の基本的な原理はいまだ変わっていない。このコラムでは、現在使われている抗うつ剤について、その効果・副作用と限界について、抗うつ剤の歴史をみながら照会する。

著者

Shiling SHI Stefan HOLST Xiaoqing WEN

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems (ISSN:09168532)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-D, no.10, pp.1694-1704, 2023-10-01

被引用文献数

1

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High power dissipation during scan test often causes undue yield loss, especially for low-power circuits. One major reason is that the resulting IR-drop in shift mode may corrupt test data. A common approach to solving this problem is partial-shift, in which multiple scan chains are formed and only one group of scan chains is shifted at a time. However, existing partial-shift based methods suffer from two major problems: (1) their IR-drop estimation is not accurate enough or computationally too expensive to be done for each shift cycle; (2) partial-shift is hence applied to all shift cycles, resulting in long test time. This paper addresses these two problems with a novel IR-drop-aware scan shift method, featuring: (1) Cycle-based IR-Drop Estimation (CIDE) supported by a GPU-accelerated dynamic power simulator to quickly find potential shift cycles with excessive peak IR-drop; (2) a scan shift scheduling method that generates a scan chain grouping targeted for each considered shift cycle to reduce the impact on test time. Experiments on ITC'99 benchmark circuits show that: (1) the CIDE is computationally feasible; (2) the proposed scan shift schedule can achieve a global peak IR-drop reduction of up to 47%. Its scheduling efficiency is 58.4% higher than that of an existing typical method on average, which means our method has less test time.

著者

安永 雅

出版者

日本財政学会

雑誌

財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.196-222, 2022 (Released:2023-10-17)

参考文献数

86

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本稿は,ミード報告の改革案の検討を通して,支出税理論の再検討を行い,税制改革案と租税理論との関係について考察する。ミード報告を理論書としてのみ扱うのではなく,その実践的側面に注目し,かつミードの財政思想を踏まえることで,この報告書の改革案が3つの要素のコンビネーションであったこと,支出税の根拠は公平性などの租税原則に基づいたものではなく,経済停滞打破という具体的なものであったことを明らかにする。一方で日本の支出税論においてはミード報告が頻繁に言及され,税制改革案として支出税の研究も進んだが,原則論に基づいた評価がおもであり,公平性の観点からミード報告は評価されてきた。このような,改革案の形成やその後の解釈における支出税像の相違は,支出税の理論的優位性が一義的に定まるものではなく歴史的状況に大きく依存していることを示唆している。

著者

田村 歩

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2023, no.74, pp.189-202, 2023-04-01 (Released:2023-06-28)

著者

織田 涼 服部 雅史 西田 勇樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17201, (Released:2018-08-10)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

12

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This paper proposes a new Japanese version of the Remote Associates Task (RAT). In a process of solving an insight problem, people often come to an impasse and end with an experience of surprise (“Aha!”) when they finally find their solution or are informed of the correct solution. We devised a set of 80 RAT problems that were intended to have the solver reach an impasse by evoking a certain fixed term. Two experiments showed that people have a stronger “Aha!” experience when they encounter the new RAT than the one proposed previously. The current paper provides a list of problems from the new RAT and basic data including the solution rate and the degree of the “Aha!” experience for each problem.

著者

前川 麻弥 能美 隆

出版者

一般社団法人 日本質量分析学会

雑誌

Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan (ISSN:13408097)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.4, pp.308-316, 1998 (Released:2007-07-20)

被引用文献数

4 4

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Pyrolysis mechanism of cellulose and it's roasted odor were studied by odor sensor, GC-MS and TG-MS. The roasted odor was generated from 170°C when cellulose was heated and decomposed. Odor sensor made of tin oxide semiconductor thin film detected the odor products at 170°C. A human nose could detect the odor at the same temperature. The human and the artificial nose could be understood to sense the same evolved gas among the decomposition products. We analyzed the decomposition products of cellulose and found levoglucosan as a main product around 300-400°C by GC-MS under He condition. TG-MS study was carried out under air condition and levoglucosan was detected. Levoglucosan (mp 182°C, bp 280°C) was estimated to sublimate over the temperature of 200°C. When the cellulose pyrolized, the chemical weak bonding of -O- was scissored randomly. Finally this scission stopped when it created the monomer unit of cellulose, i.e., levoglucosan. Considering these facts we concluded the roasted odor by the decomposition of cellulose must be levoglucosan.

著者

太田 好信

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

民族學研究 (ISSN:24240508)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.383-410, 1993-03-30 (Released:2018-03-27)

被引用文献数

2

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本論は、文化の担い手が自己の文化を操作の対象として客体化し,その客体化のプロセスにより生産された文化をとおして自己のアイデンティティを形成する過程についての分析である。現代社会において,文化やアイデンティティについて語ることは,きわめて政治的にならざるをえない。したがって,この客体化の過程も,その対象や方法,またその権利などをめぐる闘争に満ちている。文化の客体化を促す社会的要因の一つは観光である。観光は「純粋な文化」の形骸化した姿を見せ物にするという批判もあるが,ここでは,観光を担う「ホスト」側の人々が,観光という力関係の編目を利用しながら,自己の文化ならびにアイデンティティを創造していることを確認する。つまり「ホスト」側の主体性に立脚した視点から観光を捉え直す。国内からの三事例を分析し,「真正さ(authenticity)」や「純粋な文化」という諸概念の政治性を再考する。

著者

堀田 愛 高橋 達己 齊藤 まゆみ 澤江 幸則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, pp.103-116, 2023 (Released:2023-03-09)

参考文献数

63

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This study aimed to identify effective instructional methods for improvement of motor competence in children who do not excel at physical activity. For this purpose, a meta- analysis was conducted to integrate intervention studies designed to measure motor competence, and the effect size was calculated. The results suggested that children who do not excel at physical activity (i.e. under-achievers) were able to improve their motor competence to a particularly high degree. Among various sub-factors, the effect size of “acceptance” was the highest. We further examined instructional methods that might improve “acceptance”, and this revealed that “step-by-step instruction” and “interactions among learners” were considerably effective. These results suggest that an effective instruction method for children should include “step-by-step instruction”, which can motivate children to exercise on their own by offering tasks and an environment suitable for them in a stepby-step manner. “Interaction among learners” can be facilitated by providing opportunities to share information among students and to engage in group activities. Interactions can allow the group of under-achievers, who rarely receive attention in regular physical education (P.E.) classes, to feel recognized by learners. In conclusion, it is considered important in P.E. to work with a group that includes under-achievers and to foster a receptive atmosphere, instead of focusing on problems that emphasize the weakness of children. Practitioners should consider applying an ecological model of adaptive P.E. that emphasizes the relationship between the individual, the environment, and the task at hand.

著者

山村 庄亮 三義 英一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

化学と教育 (ISSN:03862151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.7, pp.438-443, 1993-07-20 (Released:2017-07-13)

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人の場合, 眠りは意識が分化される一つの方法と考えられ, 通常地球の動きに合わせた時間的, 同期的動きをするともいわれている。植物の場合でもオジギソウ, ネムノキなどは体内時計により制御されたリズム, すなわち概日リズム(circadian rhythm)によってほぼ1日周期で就眠運動を行う。そして, 今世紀のはじめには, これらの運動が化学物質によって引起こされることがすでにわかっていた。しかし, 植物の就眠物質と覚せい物質が明らかになったのは, つい最近のことである。物質サイドから生物に共通な体内時計の本質を突止めることができるか, 興味のつきないテーマである。

著者

Hirokazu Tanaka Sayo Tanaka Kayo Togawa Kota Katanoda

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.7, pp.372-380, 2023-07-05 (Released:2023-07-05)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

8

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Background: The 2015 Japan Standard Population (JSP) was established in response to changes in the age structure. However, the effects of major updates, especially the recategorization of older age groups, for interpreting various health metrics have not been clarified.Methods: Population data were collected and estimated for older age categories (85–89, 90–94, and ≥95 years). Data on the number of deaths were also collected from the Vital Statistics. We recalculated the all-cause and leading cause-specific age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) using the 2015 JSP by the direct standardization method for data from 1950 to 2020. We compared ASMRs calculated using the 2015 JSP with those calculated using the 1985 JSP. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the consistency of mortality trends between the 2015 and 1985 JSPs.Results: The absolute all-cause ASMRs calculated using the 2015 JSP were 2.22–3.00 times higher than those calculated using the 1985 JSP. The ASMR ratios increased gradually over time. While trends in all-cause and cause-specific ASMRs calculated using the 2015 JSP and 1985 JSP were generally highly correlated (Pearson’s correlation coefficient [r] = 0.993 for all-cause), correlations were relatively low for malignant neoplasms (r = 0.720 for men and r = 0.581 for women) and pneumonia/bronchitis (r = 0.543 for men and r = 0.559 for women) due to non-monotonous trends over time and fluctuations in earlier time periods.Conclusion: The effect of introducing the new JSP for interpreting trends in all-cause mortality was considered minimal. However, caution is needed when interpreting trends in some cause-specific mortality rates.

著者

石井 直方

出版者

ファンクショナルフード学会

雑誌

Functional Food Research (ISSN:24323357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.88-98, 2018 (Released:2019-03-15)

被引用文献数

3

著者

山口 庸子 土屋 みさと 津田 淑江

出版者

一般社団法人 日本家政学会

雑誌

日本家政学会誌 (ISSN:09135227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.7, pp.397-406, 2007 (Released:2010-07-29)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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In recent years, sales of electric dishwashers for household use (called dishwashers) have increased rapidly due to the increasing number of women in the workplace and also to the appeal of these devices in reducing housework. For these reasons, dishwashers have become popular within a short period of time. This study examined the environmental load of dishwashing using one old and one new dishwasher compared with washing by hand, under conditions of constant cleaning efficiency, and examined ways to reduce the environmental load of dishwashing. Cleaning efficiency was evaluated after washing using the BLT-DW method and the ATP method. In addition, the average amounts of power and water consumed for one dishwashing were also measured. As a result, it became clear that the amounts of CO2 emissions during use greatly exceeded the amounts of CO2 emissions during manufacturing for both dishwashers, regardless of the age of the dishwasher or the dishwashing program selected. In addition, the CO2 emissions attributable to power consumption comprised the highest group of such emissions compared with emissions corresponding to the use of detergent and water. A method that included presoaking for 20 min was shown to reduce CO2 emissions significantly by reducing the amount of detergent used, although the total amount of water used increased. Therefore, we confirmed that presoaking was an effective method for reducing the environmental load when using dishwashers. The CO2 emissions through dishwashing by hand in cold water were shown to be approximately 25% of those generated using a dishwasher. However, it became clear that the CO2 emissions for dishwashing by hand exceeded those of a dishwasher if the water was gas-heated by 5°C or more. Therefore, it was confirmed that dishwashing using a dishwasher represented a more environmentally-friendly method in the winter, when water is cold.

著者

牧野富太郎

出版者

植物研究雑誌編集委員会

雑誌

植物研究雑誌 (ISSN:00222062)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.E2-E10, 1928-04-18 (Released:2023-03-31)

著者

根来 宏明

出版者

社団法人 におい・かおり環境協会

雑誌

におい・かおり環境学会誌 (ISSN:13482904)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.5, pp.350-356, 2015-09-25 (Released:2019-02-20)

参考文献数

7

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アルコール飲料の摂取により呼気が“酒臭く”なるのは,飲酒を経験した多くの人が体験することであろう.中には,清酒,焼酎,ビールなど酒類によってにおいの質が異なると感じる人もいる.我々は,飲酒後の呼気を分析することで,“酒臭さ”に寄与する成分の同定を行い,さらにアルコール飲料の種類による呼気成分の差異を明らかにすることを試みた.得られたいくつかの知見について紹介する.

著者

岡部 芳彦

出版者

ユーラシア研究所

雑誌

ロシア・ユーラシアの社会 (ISSN:24353191)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2021, no.1057, pp.2-13, 2023 (Released:2023-03-08)

著者

井澤 龍

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.3-24, 2016 (Released:2019-03-30)

被引用文献数

1 1

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The aim of this study is to clarify the historical premises of the establishment of the tax treaty between the UK and the US in 1945. Particularly, the UK-US treaty to prevent the international double taxation made an economic and political impact on the UK multinationals and the government. It was the first time that the UK government concluded a general tax treaty with elsewhere in the British Empire.The problem of international double taxation on business income between UK and US occurred since the First World War. However, the UK government did not introduce a foreign tax relief for foreign investment to the US until 1945 because the government persisted to abhor reduction of the tax revenue. Thus, the tax issue became one of the causes that the British investment to the US had been sluggish. In addition, not a few UK multinationals were forced to change their organization alongside the tax environment during the period, raising cries of protest through some employer's associations such as the Federation of British Industries. The organizational changes like Phelps Dodge or Courtaulds sometimes influenced corporate long term investment strategy. Finally, the introduction of the American dividend tax in 1936 and the outbreak of the Second World War pushed the UK multinationals into further tax planning to alleviate the tax burden. The corporate behaviors and complaints of those firms made the UK government reconsider the tax regime of the interwar period. As a result, the general tax treaty between the UK and the US was concluded in 1945, a prototype of tax treaty of not only both countries but many countries in the Post Second World War.

著者

國貞 雄治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本表面真空学会

雑誌

表面と真空 (ISSN:24335835)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.10, pp.572-573, 2023-10-10 (Released:2023-10-10)

参考文献数

2

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The division of Young Researchers was established in 2018. This division organizes interdisciplinary workshops in a format that facilitates learning for students and young researchers. In this special issue, the recent research achievements have been introduced by young researchers and lecturers at the previous workshop. The presented topics cover angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, water molecule networks on solid surfaces, simulation of laser processing of semiconductors, and in situ observation of electrode surfaces by high-speed atomic force electron microscopy. This special issue also contains an article on how to write a scientific paper.

著者

髙橋 隆

出版者

公益社団法人 日本表面真空学会

雑誌

表面と真空 (ISSN:24335835)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.10, pp.603-607, 2023-10-10 (Released:2023-10-10)

著者

乙部 智仁

出版者

公益社団法人 日本表面真空学会

雑誌

表面と真空 (ISSN:24335835)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.10, pp.587-592, 2023-10-10 (Released:2023-10-10)

参考文献数

15

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Recent developments in the simulations of processing of semiconductors and metals by femto- (10-15) second pulse laser, especially silicon and aluminum, are presented. Laser processing is a complex process involving nonlinear phenomena. We have developed microscopic first-principles calculations that describe the light-electron interaction, the semiclassical Vlasov equation that can also include relaxation in metal, and a novel temperature model that allows us to study the entire initial processing process. Each method allows us to analyze the entire process from the moment of laser irradiation to the stage of energy transfer to the lattice. This paper describes the details of the methods and the findings obtained from the results.

著者

Akira Yamazaki Ao Takezawa Kazusa Nishimura Ko Motoki Kyoka Nagasaka Ryohei Nakano Tetsuya Nakazaki Munetaka Hosokawa

出版者

The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science

雑誌

The Horticulture Journal (ISSN:21890102)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.QH-094, (Released:2023-10-17)

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Chili pepper is cultivated in the absence of fruit-promoting treatments or insect pollinators. The fertilization ability of both males and females, as well as natural self-pollination ability under high temperatures, are necessary for autonomous set fruit under high temperatures. The reproductive traits related to autonomous self-pollination ability and fertilization ability of both males and females after pollination under control (CK) and high temperature (HT) treatments were investigated in this study. ‘Takanotsume’ (TK) showed a significantly higher percentage of autonomous fruit set than ‘Peruvian Purple’ (PP) in both CK and HT treatments, suggesting that TK has a strong autonomous fruit set regardless of temperature. On the other hand, the percentage of autonomous fruit set of PP was 0% in the HT treatment, while autonomous fruit set was observed in the CK treatment. Therefore, TK had autonomous fruit set ability even at high temperatures when PP did not have any. TK had more pollen on the stigma than PP, suggesting that TK has a higher ability for autonomous self-pollination. Flower morphology was not considered a factor in the autonomous self-pollination of TK. In contrast, TK tended to release more pollen than PP. One factor that can support autonomous self-pollination is pollen dispersion. A significant difference was observed in the fruit set rate during artificial pollination between the treatments (CK and HT) of the pollen parent and the cultivars (TK and PP) of the seed parent. In fact, female fertility in TK was higher than that in PP, regardless of the temperature condition. Almost no fruit set of PP was observed via autonomous self-pollination in the HT treatment, but fruits were set by artificial pollination using both the pollen and pistil of PP in the HT treatment. This result is consistent with the finding that PP exhibits decreased autonomous self-pollination at high temperatures. The higher autonomous fruit-set ability of TK than PP under high temperatures may be attributed not only to superior female fertility, but also to its autonomous self-pollination ability under high temperatures. Therefore, pollen dispersal ability under high temperatures was considered a key factor for autonomous fruit-set.