著者

D. Tritsch D. Chesnoy-Marchais A. Feltz編 藤吉好則 大谷悟補章執筆 加藤総夫 小島比呂志 持田澄子訳者代表

出版者

京都大学学術出版会

巻号頁・発行日

2009

著者

石川 健治 小島 慎司 宍戸 常寿 岡野 誠樹 西村 裕一 山羽 祥貴

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2020-04-01

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本研究は,およそ,五・一五事件が生じた1930年代初めから,内閣に憲法調査会が設置された1950年代半ばまでを対象とし、そうした体制変革期における憲法および憲法学を考究する。その際、当該時代における日本の憲法学を連続するものとして捉えること,それらを歴史的・理論的に考究するだけでなく、そうした歴史研究と理論研究の有機的結合を試みること、の2点に注力する。それらの歴史的解明は,個々の論者の理論枠組みを踏まえてはじめて果たすことができる一方(「理論」を踏まえた「歴史」研究),個々の理論や解釈論も,当時の政治的文脈に置いてこそ、その真価を問うことができるからである(「歴史」を踏まえた「理論」研究)。

著者

市森 大地 鈴木 駿介 小島 千里 石森 謙太郎 杉谷 舞 松田 純佳 小野 雄大 松石 隆

出版者

日本セトロジー研究会

雑誌

日本セトロジー研究 (ISSN:18813445)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.29-33, 2013

被引用文献数

2

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10年間通年にわたって津軽海峡で実施している鯨類目視調査計375回で発見された全鯨種について集計し、その出現の季節性と経年変化を検討した。この期間に発見された鯨類は1,876群19,065頭となり、カマイルカ、イシイルカ、ネズミイルカ、ミンククジラ、ハンドウイルカ、マイルカ、シャチの少なくとも7種類の鯨類が発見された。シャチを除く6種が4月~6月に発見頭数のピークを迎えた。一方8月~10月はどの種も遭遇率が少なく、カマイルカとネズミイルカを除く5種は、10年間に1度もこの時期の発見がなかった。ネズミイルカは、遭遇率が年々有意に増加していた。マイルカとハンドウイルカは2004年以降発見されなくなった。一方、シャチは2009年以降に発見されるようになった。

著者

小島 千裕

出版者

北海道大学

雑誌

研究活動スタート支援

巻号頁・発行日

2020-09-11

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「国語」という概念のもとで政策が始動して以降、地域性の影響を強く受ける話しことばの統一が指向され、教育界では方言撲滅がなされてきたと考えられてきた。だが、明治30年代の岩手県について検討したところ、それとは異なる実態が見えてきた。これをふまえ、本研究では明治末から大正期の岩手県を対象として、地域の教育会雑誌にもとづき、教員らがそもそも地域のことばをどのように捉え、教育上扱おうとしていたのかを明らかにし、その変遷をたどる。

著者

高野 和郎 坂田 暉英 福山 公基 太田 宏 前田 洋 李 雅弘 尾上 保夫 青木 隆一 高場 利博 岩堀 嘉和 松下 功 金子 和義 三富 静夫 唐沢 弘文 藤井 浩一 森本 和大 石井 淳一 上村 正吉 藤巻 悦夫 村田 恒雄 森 義明 菅谷 修一 西堀 実 薄井 武人 安藤 公信 清田 卓也 熊谷 日出丸 前田 正雄 鈴木 庸之 本多 儀一 門馬 満 藤本 昇 安藤 光彦 口石 将博 崔 相羽 高須 克弥 平井 啓 小池 勝 平塚 進 鈴木 武松 土持 喬 初鹿野 誠彦 津田 紘輔 諸岡 俊彦 藤井 陽三 清水 一功 八田 善夫 直江 史郎 坂木 洋 海老原 為博 太田 繁興 佐々木 彰 村山 義治 塚田 政明 清水 晃 山口 明志 江頭 亨 坂本 利正 渡辺 佐 加藤 水木 片桐 敬 吉田 文英 小島 昭輔 新谷 博一 鈴木 孝臣 金沢 英夫 落合 泰彦 堀坂 和敬 藤巻 忠夫 平木 誠一 橋本 敏夫 加藤 国之 石井 靖夫 菅 孝幸 赤坂 裕 今村 一男 甲斐 祥生 中西 欽也 太田 繁興 近藤 常郎 落合 元宏 松井 恒雄 依田 丞司 吉田 英機 丸山 邦夫 池内 隆夫 入江 邦夫 佐々木 彰 清水 晃 鈴木 周一 坂木 洋 塚田 政明 秋田 泰正 森 弘道 天野 長久 本多 平吉 山口 明志 坂本 利正 安達 浩行 草ケ谷 雅志 高野 和郎 中川 克宣 鶴岡 延熹 小野 充 阿万 修二 植原 哲 渋谷 徹 桑原 紘一郎 小黒 由里子 後藤 晋 島袋 良夫 安藤 彰彦 国枝 武幸 今西 耕一 小田切 光男 鄭 政男 佐川 文明 田代 浩二 大瀬戸 隆 菅沼 明人 町田 信夫 前田 尚武 小泉 和雄 鈴木 一 安藤 弘 山崎 健二 井出 宏嗣 福山 公基 木村 明夫 小林 祐一郎 狩野 充二 長嶺 安哉 木村 明夫

出版者

昭和大学学士会

雑誌

昭和医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00374342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.12, pp.820-825, 1970

著者

栗栖 悠貴 小島 脩平 稲澤 容代

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

日本地理学会発表要旨集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, 2016

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近年、地理院地図に代表されるように地理空間情報技術のめざましい発達により、誰でも容易に地理空間情報を扱えるようになった。その結果、災害対応をはじめ様々な分野で地理空間情報は効果的に活用されている。しかし、平成26年8月豪雨や平成27年9月関東・東北豪雨に伴う被害状況を振り返ると、事前に土砂災害危険箇所や浸水想定区域などの自然災害リスクに関する地理空間情報が被災地で十分浸透していたとは言い難い。その原因の1つにそれらの情報からリスク情報を解読する難しさがある。自然災害リスクに関する地理空間情報を分かりやすく伝えることは、被害軽減対策の1つとして重要である。<br>本報告は、災害時の被害軽減対策を促すために重要な自然災害リスクに関する地理空間情報を分かりやすく伝えるための工夫を紹介するものである。効果的に伝える工夫として次の方法がある。<br>①土地の成り立ちと自然災害リスクの関係をワンクリックで確認できる地形分類データ。<br>②身近な自然災害リスクを伝えるハザードマップポータルサイト。<br>③浸水被害範囲の時系列変化がわかる地点別浸水シミュレーション検索システム。<br>しかし、これらはツールであり利用されなければ被害軽減にはつながらない。<br>そのため、今後有用なツールを活用してもらうような広報活動をしていくことが必要である。

著者

小島 友裕 遠藤 信綱 笹本 勇輝 石原 尚 堀井 隆斗 浅田 稔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

ロボティクス・メカトロニクス講演会講演概要集 2014 (ISSN:24243124)

巻号頁・発行日

pp._2A1-X06_1-_2A1-X06_4, 2014-05-24 (Released:2017-06-19)

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Several observational studies suggest that the infant vocalization towards language acquisition develops through interactions with caregivers. However, what kind of underlying mechanisms works and how caregiver's behavior affects on this process have not been made clear since it is very difficult to control the infant vocalization. In order to attack this issue, we built an infant-like vocal robot "Lingua" as a controllable vocal platform. Lingua has two features; infant-like voice and high articulation capability. The shape of its vocal tract resembles that of a 6-monthold infant based on the anatomical data, and this may contribute to the former. 7-DOFs for articulation in the tongue is realized by sophisticated design of linkage mechanisms inside miniaturized vocal tract for high capability of its articulation. Preliminary experiments showed that the robot succeeded in vocalizing almost the same fundamental frequency vowel-like utterances similar to that of an infant.

著者

小島 ともゑ 貫名 香枝 船曳 昌子

出版者

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ORTHOPTISTS

雑誌

日本視能訓練士協会誌 (ISSN:03875172)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.190-193, 1990-12-31 (Released:2009-10-29)

参考文献数

7

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A retrospective study was performed on intermittent exotropia patients who received surgery at our clinic between Oct. 1979 and Nov. 1987.A total of 544 patients were divided into 4 groups according to their age at the time of surgery: 0-5yrs., 6-12yrs., 13-18yrs., and 19yrs. and older.It was found that prior to surgery the 19yrs. and older group had the highest percentage of large exodeviation, poor convergence, and absence of simultaneous perception as tested with the major amblyoscope.However, the corrective effect of uniocular resection-reccession was greatest in this groupe, and the rate of recurrence was lowest.

著者

小島 隆人

出版者

公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会

雑誌

計測と制御 (ISSN:04534662)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.25-30, 2019-01-10 (Released:2019-01-23)

参考文献数

13

著者

小島 雅郎

出版者

社団法人 日本写真学会

雑誌

日本写真学会誌 (ISSN:03695662)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1, pp.38-42, 1982-02-28 (Released:2011-08-11)

著者

小島 康誉

出版者

佛教大学

雑誌

佛教大学宗教文化ミュージアム研究紀要 (ISSN:13498444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.1-163, 2014-03-30

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The purpose of this thesis is to clarify some questionable points in regard to the 4th expedition to Central Asia, specifically China Xinjiang, by Sir Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943), the archaeological explorer born in Hungary and naturalized later in England. He spent 326 days for the expedition, leaving Srinagar in Kashmir on Aug. 11, 1930, and arriving back there July 2, 1931. During this period, even though Sir Aurel Stein encountered such troubles as "the cancellation of the visa and an immediate deportation" directed by the Government of the Republic of China, he struggled to reach the Niya ruins where he had established "glorious achievements" through three previous expeditions. He managed to excavate and collect 130 or so antiquities in the Niya ruins and others, all the while avoiding the Government's observers. I have visited Xinjiang more than 140 times since 1982 and worked on numerous Japan-China joint activities, including the restoration and preservation of the Kizil grottoes, archaeological research of the Niya ruins, archaeological research of the DandanOilik ruins along with the conservation of its wall paintings, a network to raise awareness of cultural property protection (www.wenbao.net.), and a provision of a grant for researchers engaged in conserving cultural relics. The results of this research and these studies were disclosed via reports and symposiums, and the efforts of Chinese as well as Japanese researchers are still being made. I also had an opportunity to present much of the research about the Niya and DandanOilik ruins at the "International Conference-Archaeology of the Southern Taklamakan: Hedin and Stein's Legacy and New Explorations," which was held in November 2012 at the British Library.Stein's reports helped me greatly as useful references in the course of researching in the Taklamakan Desert, which led me to become interested in his way of life and to write this thesis. As I have been fortunate to know Xinjiang very well along with the desert research noted above, I am in a somewhat better position to come to grips with Stein's undertakings than the academic scholars of Central Asia and the so-called "Silk Road enthusiasts." While Stein's first (1900-1901), second (1906-1908), and third (1913- 1916) expeditions were well known because a massive volume of his reports on those expeditions was published due to the great success of them, the report of his fourth expedition (1930-1931) was not issued due to a humiliating failure. Thus his expeditions to Central Asia were thought to be only three until recently and the fourth expedition was not well-known. As information of this expedition has gradually spread in recent years, the archival records of the fourth expedition were beginning to be disclosed. Yet there remain a number of unclear points. As references for my research, I have mainly used the following materials. The Xinjiang Archaeological Archives of Modern Foreign Explorers, Archives of Stein's Fourth Expedition to Xinjiang, and Historical Archival Documents of Sino-Sweden Scientific Expedition to North-West China, all of which were published jointly with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Archives. "Stein's Diary" was acquired from the Bodleian Libraries of Oxford University, and the "Stein-related Archives" was acquired from the British Museum – both of which deserve deep thanks and support. I also refer to Jeannette Mirsky, SIR AUREL STEIN : ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORER published by University of Chicago Press in 1977; Susan Chan Egan, A LATTERDAY CONEFUCIAN: Reminiscences of William Hung published by Harvard University in 1987; Shareen Blair Brysac, Last of the Foreign Devils, Archaeology published by the Archaeological Institute of America in 1997; Annabel Walker, AUREL STEIN-PIONEER OF THE SILK ROAD published by University of Washington Press in 1998; Helen Wang, Sir Aurel Stein in The Times published by Saffron Books in 2002; and Wang Ji Qing, Deliberations on Stein's Diary of the Fourth Archaeological Expedition to China published by Gansu Educational Publisher in 2004. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all parties mentioned above, as they provided me with important information and inspiration. Why did people like Professor Paul J. Sachs at the Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University, who understood how the views on cultural heritage were drastically changing among the Chinese (specifically scholars in Beijing), propose the Xinjiang expedition to Stein with a $100,000 grant? Especially considering that the funds were proposed following the Great Crash at the New York Stock Exchange (Oct. 24, 1929), which triggered the Great Depression? Harvard University envisioned filling the Fogg Art Museum with relics excavated in Central Asia. Langdon Warner at the Fogg Art Museum was not allowed to remove some parts of a wall surface on his second visit to Dunhuang. To make their wish come true they hired Stein as a "professional" explorer. America, a country with a short history, was longing for ancient cultural heritage. During the "Museum Era," when museums were being built one after another, people satisfied their desires with a variety of art pieces and antiques. Why did England, including its Indian Empire, continue to support Stein's Xinjiang expedition? Stein had brought a large volume of Central Asia's relics, including those from Niya, DandanOilik, Loulan, and Dunhuang, to the British Empire while championing the norms of the Imperialism Age. He was considered a great hero in terms of culture, similar to a general winning a war. To seize those relics by endorsing him was one of the best ways to show how great this imperial power was. I am wondering why a person such as Stein, who was superb in collecting information and familiar with Chinese affairs, misread thesituation in those days. Harvard University invited Stein to deliver a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute at the age of 67 just one year after he retired from the Archaeological Bureau of the Indian Empire. We can sense the desire of both Stein and Sachs for relics through their correspondences. Mirsky referred to Stein's attempt to climb Mount Mustagh Ata on his first Central Asia expedition in a rivalry with Hedin. While Hedin was proceeding with comprehensive research of the Chinese northwestern area jointly with China, Stein thought he could singlehandedly manage this expedition with British diplomatic power as well as his own exploring capabilities overriding objections from John Leighton Stuart and William Hung from the Harvard side. In the end of April the next year, he arrived in Nanjing to discuss acquisition of a visa with British Minister Miles Lampson on the 28th. The following day, the minister visited the director of the Nanjing Government's Foreign Affairs, Wang Zheng Ting, to submit memorandums regarding both Stein's expedition and arms exports requested by the Xinjiang Province. He pressed for the issuance of Stein's visa. On May 1, Stein, along with Minister Lampson, visited the Director of Foreign Affairs, Wang, to explain the expedition plan and request the visa. The visa was issued on May 6th and received 7th. The reason Stein asked the British Museum to subsidize the Harvard proposal was that he focused more on Great Britain's diplomatic power rather than on financial assistance. The visa could not have been issued without British involvement. The interpretation of this visa was widely different between the Chinese side and Stein, which led to the subsequent turmoil. The visa was described as " 遊歴護照", meaning "a travel passport." Minister Lampson also cited in his telegram of June 12, 1930, to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Indian Empire, "Stein has merely been furnished with a passport for ordinary travel in Hsinchiang and Inner Mongolia, and, if he intends to collect antiquities and remove them from the country, he should submit to the Institute a statement of the object, scope and plans of his proposed research and obtain their approval." However, according to Stein's counterstatement (dated May 10, 1931) sent from Kashgar during his exploration to address reproaches from both the Chinese Foreign Affairs and the National Commission for the Preservation of Antiquities, "I received a passport authorizing me to travel in Hsin-chiang and Inner Mongolia for archaeological purposes, this permission being understood to include needful surveys…. It was on a definite understanding that I was to be allowed to examine and, where necessary, to clear any ancient ruins traced." He stated in "The Times" on July 16, 1931 on his way back to Srinagar: "Passport was understood to provide also permission for such survey work." And in the preface of the research report conducted in India and Iran, Archaeological Reconnaissance's in North-Western India and South Iran (1937), he stated, "…to obtain the issue by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs of a passport authorizing me to trace and closely investigate ancient remains in Hsing-chiang and Inner Mongol." Thus, both parties argued on different planes, and Stein was thwarted from entering China. Minister Lampson worked hard to successfully let him enter the country, but he was stuck in Kashgar. Finally, thanks to the tremendous efforts made by Consul General George Sherriff and others, Stein could proceed eastward on the South Road of the Taklamakan Desert on November 11, 1930. Observers dispatched by the Government accompanied him. Every trick came into play on the Stein side, wishing to reach neighboring Keriya without letting them know their true destination -- the Niya ruins. The Xinjiang side wanted to summon Stein to Urumqi to check on his intention. The scene was described in lurid detail in the Xinjiang archives, Stein's diary, and in the British Government's archives. Developing bronchitis, Stein had to stay in Keriya for treatment for 20 days or so. Soon afterward he advanced to the Niya ruins to research there for about a week and collected a number of relics. In spite of being summoned to come to Urumqi by Jin Shu Ren, the Chairman of Xinjiang Province, Stein ignored it because he may have anticipated that it was risky to return to Kashgar via Keriya carrying the relics. Thus he took a detour by circling the Taklamakan Desert and stopping at Cherchen, Charkliq, Korla, Kucha and Aksu. He finally returned to Kashgar on April 25, 1931. Stein negotiated through the Consul General to bring back the relics he had collected from the Niya ruins for research and then return them to China. But as his request ended in rejection, Stein had no choice but to leave Kashgar for home on May 18. Why did Stein "dig up" the Niya ruins despite the fact that research and excavations were forbidden? The collections of the ruins in Niya and other places rewarded him with the title of "Sir" as well as being naturalized in Britain. He needed to secure that honor first of all. He also had to perform "the relics providing agreements" with Harvard University and the British Museum. Stein also put the words "complete cleaning" in his dairy in place of "excavation" and let his Indian and Uygurian subordinates work ahead of him. Meanwhile, he kept records in a tent to keep the observers off guard. He also made investigations while the observers were sleeping. And what kinds of actions were taken domestically in China, including by the Central Government, Xinjiang and local regions? Social turmoil was prevailing there soon after the establishment of the Republic of China, intensive intrusion by foreign powers, and rivalry between the local warlords. In fact, the Xinjiang Province took a different tack from the Central Government. Concerning local treatment for Stein, a welcoming response was recorded thanks to the issue of an arms import in some quarters. Within Xinjiang, conflicting ideas were observed among local governments of Urumqi and other regions. Even among ethnic groups, different views were expressed. Stein received a big welcome from old friends, but some local supporters from the first expedition were arrested and cast into prison. Where are the relics collected by Stein now, as they were forbidden from being removed by the Chinese Government? Is the rumor true that some parts of the banned relics are stored at the British Museum? Though we can verify by Chinese archives that the relics Stein left at the British counsel in Kashgar were actually transported to Urumqi, no one knows their current whereabouts. That is because rumors have been spread that they are at the British Museum, in Beijing or were sold within China. The pictures that were banned from leaving along with relics are now stored at the British Library and at the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In addition, how should we come to grips with the activities of bringing out cultural materials by explorers from abroad, including Stein's Britain, Germany, Japan, the U.S., and France? From the end of the 19th century through the beginning of the 20th century, when the "exploration boom" was being exploited by the major powers, excavations and removal of artifacts were partly allowed for research purposes. That is why every explorer from any country could hire people at the site and work together with them. However, that way of thinking had changed by the time of Stein's fourth expedition. We have to recognize that the activities conducted up until the third expedition should be clearly distinguished from those of the fourth expedition. It is no wonder that the fourth expedition to Xinjiang is denounced. While ideally cultural materials should be stored where they actually were, we often see examples where removed relics have been preserved, yet those left at sites were destroyed or scattered. England and Russia (the Soviet Union) raged an intelligence-gathering battle to expand territory across the entire Central Asia including Xinjiang after the middle of the 19th century. The explorers of each nation could be called vanguards in the intelligence-gathering battle to acquire territory. Because so many people from England and Russia lived in Xinjiang, somerecords show that it is similar to a settlement, which is the so-called "Great Game." Though we can see an old example of "The Great Game" in the area of the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan, it continues now not only in Central Asia but across the world. While the protagonist of Stein's fourth expedition was nobody but Stein himself, the "scriptwriter" and director were Harvard University and the British Empire, respectively. Stein's expeditions and research, which extended over a wide variety of fields, have been highly valued. Their spectrum, depth and volume are almost superhuman. We cannot discuss the history of Central Asia without referring to him just as we cannot easily pass over a huge mountain. It is also noteworthy that he offered what he had done to the public through a massive volume of books. Whereas Stein has been highly regarded in Europe as well as in Japan, the Chinese people consider him to be the epitome of a looter. "The lifetime explorer wandering around strange lands" who turned "his inferiority complex and defiant spirit against an irrelevant discrimination" into his own energy source is sleeping in Kabul.

著者

小島道裕編

出版者

思文閣出版

巻号頁・発行日

2010

著者

小島 さつき 太田 聡一 Satsuki Kojima Souichi Ohta

雑誌

宮城學院女子大學研究論文集 = Bulletin of Miyagi Gakuin Women's University (ISSN:03867501)

巻号頁・発行日

no.110, pp.47-62, 2010-06-30

著者

土田 浩治 小島 純一 工藤 起来

出版者

岐阜大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2006

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日本から侵入したと考えられてきたニュージーランドのフタモンアシナガバチの遺伝的多様性を、日本の個体群の遺伝的多様性と比較した。比較した部位は、ミトコンドリアのCOI 領域である。全個体群からは26ハプロタイプが見つかり、そのうち、日本からは16ハプロタイプが、ニュージーランドからは19ハプロタイプが見つかった。両個体群に共通したのは9ハプロタイプのみであり、日本以外の地域からの侵入が有ったことが示唆された。

著者

桧山 亮 折橋 健 小島 康夫 寺沢 実 鴨田 重裕 高橋 康夫

出版者

日本森林学会

雑誌

日本林学会大会発表データベース

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, pp.P3047, 2004

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1、目的 エゾシカ(以下シカとする)の嗜好性とそれが生じる要因を研究することは樹皮剥ぎ害対策のための重要な情報になると考えられる。本研究では特に樹皮の物理的な発達がシカの嗜好性に与える影響を調べるためにハリギリ丸太を用いて樹皮の剥ぎ難さの測定と野外摂食試験(Orihashi et al., 2002)およびハリギリ丸太から調製した樹皮片の摂食試験を行った。2、試験方法1)試験材料 2003年3月上旬に東京大学北海道演習林(以下北演)でハリギリ2個体(DBH17.5cm、27cm)を伐採し、樹幹及び枝の直径1_から_18cmの部分から長さ1mの丸太を調製した。丸太は長さ40cmと60cmに切り分けて前者を樹皮剥ぎ抵抗値測定用、後者を野外摂食試験用とした。丸太は切断面において直径と樹皮の厚さを0.1mm単位で測定した。2)抵抗値の測定 【剥がし抵抗値測定】大井(1999)の剥皮試験の方法を参考に、樹幹方向に15cm×1.5cmの切込みを樹皮にいれて周囲の樹皮と切断し、端から5cmの部分を剥がして掴み、残りの10cmの部分を約10秒かけて引き剥がし、デジタルひずみ測定器(共和電業製)を用いて応力を計測して剥がし抵抗値とした。【刺し込み抵抗値測定】マイナスドライバー様の型をしたステンレス製の擬似シカ門歯をデジタルひずみ測定器に取り付けて、丸太の接線方向に対しては垂直に、樹幹方向に対しては約30度の角度から刺し込み、応力を測定して刺し込み抵抗値とした。各測定では1試験体(丸太)につき5回計測を行い、平均した。3)摂食試験 【抵抗値と嗜好性】摂食試験用の丸太を北演の林道沿いに設けた試験サイト(20m×5m)にランダムに並べて直立させて3月下旬の10日間(樹皮剥ぎ被害期間)シカに自由に摂食させて剥皮された面積を測った。【樹皮片の摂食試験】直径12_から_17cmのハリギリ丸太から一辺が3cm程度の方形樹皮片を3種類(内樹皮のみ、外樹皮のみ、外樹皮つき内樹皮(以下全樹皮とする))調製した。この3種類を1組として9反復用意し、それぞれ生重量で40gずつプラスチックの容器にいれて摂食試験を行った。試験中は一日一回観察し、組の中でどれかが半分以上減っていたらその時点で回収して残ったものの生重量を測定した。試験前後の様子を撮影し、食べられ方の様子を比較した。3、結果【抵抗値と嗜好性】摂食試験で剥皮が確認された丸太は剥がし抵抗値が2kgf以下、刺し込み抵抗値が6kgf以下のものがほとんどであった(図)。丸太の直径(cm)に対する樹皮厚さ(mm)の関係は内樹皮がy=0.31x+2.44, R2=0.76、外樹皮がy=0.99x_-_0.77, R2=0.84(共に単回帰分析、P<0.01)であった。直径(cm)と樹皮剥ぎ抵抗値(kgf)の関係は剥がし抵抗値でy=0.26x+0.39, R2=0.85、刺し込み抵抗値でy=0.77x+1.90, R2=0.88(共に単回帰分析、P<0.01)であった。【樹皮片の摂食試験】試験前後での試料の減少量(生重量)は内樹皮片で38.9g(±0.3)、全樹皮片で20.8g(±10.3)および外樹皮片で4.0g(±3.0)であった。内樹皮片と外樹皮片の間で減少量に有意な差が存在した(Tukey型多重比較、P<0.05)。4、考察 抵抗値と嗜好性の試験結果より、樹皮を剥がす際の抵抗値が大きな丸太の樹皮をシカがほとんど食べていないことから、樹皮の物理的な抵抗がシカの樹皮剥ぎに影響を与えていることが予想できる。丸太の直径と樹皮厚さと抵抗値には高い正の相関が見られた。樹皮厚さは直径が大きくなると特に外樹皮が発達する。外樹皮にはシカにとって栄養にならないリグニンが多く含まれ(安井、2002)、樹皮全体に占める外樹皮の割合が高くなると樹皮中のリグニン量は増加することになる。直径が大きくなった時にシカの嗜好性が下がる(小島ら、2003)主な要因として少なくとも上述の2つ(樹皮剥ぎ抵抗値、リグニン量)が考えられた。樹皮片の摂食試験結果において内樹皮片が外樹皮片よりもよく食べられたことからシカが樹皮を食べる時には内樹皮を目的としていることが示唆された。全樹皮片は中間的な食べられ方と観察された。この試験はシカが通常好まない太さで抵抗値も大きな丸太から調製した樹皮片を用いたが、人為的に剥ぎ難さを排除して供試すると食べられた。このことから剥ぎ難さがシカの嗜好性に影響をしていると言えるだろう。しかし、全樹皮片は内樹皮片よりも食べられ方が少なかったことから剥ぎ難さを排除しても外樹皮の存在により嗜好性を下がったと考えられる。

著者

正井 佐知 小島 理永 伊藤 京子 Ito Kyoko Masai Sachi Kojima Rie マサイ サチ コジマ リエ イトウ キョウコ

出版者

大阪大学大学院人間科学研究科 社会学・人間学・人類学研究室

雑誌

年報人間科学 (ISSN:02865149)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.45-55, 2018-03-31

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社会学 : 研究ノートResearch Notes近年、当事者の参画は、医療・福祉現場での実践はもちろん、学術、司法、行政、政策決定など広範な分野にまで及んでいる。ICT分野でもユーザー中心の開発がなされている。本稿の目的は、アプリ普及を見据えて行った、脊髄損傷者に向けたアプリ開発と、アプリリリースのためのクラウドファンディングの経験を当事者参画という視点から紹介することである。まず第2節では、アプリの開発経緯を紹介する。2016年9月時点では、リハビリ機器を開発予定であったところ、脊髄損傷当事者のニーズを聞いてゆくことで方向性を大きく転換することとなった。そして、手が動きにくい人にも配慮した設計で、「脊髄損傷の人が出会う場を提供するための『きっかけ』を、パラスポーツの普及やスポーツの話題とし、そこから『人のつながり』を構築できるマッチングアプリ」として2017年3月にアプリPspoが完成した。本アプリでは、当事者の相互作用に期待し、当事者の知識・経験を共有できるような仕組みを構築することを試みている。第3節では、アプリ運用資金を得るためのクラウドファンディングで、「人とのつながり」の「きっかけ」を提供するというPspoのコンセプトを一貫した結果、予想に反し当事者からの資金提供がほぼ得られなかったことについて記述する。最後に、第4節ではアプリ開発とクラウドファンディングから得られた示唆と今後の見通しについて述べる。In recent years, people with disabilities participate in a wide range of fields, such as academic, judicial, administrative, and policy decision-making, as well as medical and welfare fi elds. User-centered development is also being carried out in the ICT fi eld. The purpose of this paper is to show how we developed an application for people with spinal cord injuries and our experience of cloudfunding for release of the application, from the viewpoint of involvement participation. First, we introduce the development process of the application. Although we had originally planned to develop rehabilitation equipment, having listened to the voices of people with spinal cord injuries we decided in September 2016 to make a communication tool for them. In March 2017, considering the diffi culties of controlling hands, we developed Pspo, an application which provides opportunities for communication to people with spinal cord injuries through the topic of sports. Then, we recount our experience of cloudfunding in order to obtain support for our project. Finally, we make suggestions for the future.

著者

小島 文雄 永田 秀隆 Fumio Ojima Hidetaka Nagata 仙台大学 仙台大学 Sendai University Sendai University

出版者

仙台大学

雑誌

仙台大学紀要 = Bulletin of Sendai College (ISSN:03893073)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1, pp.55-67, 2013-09-30

著者

小島亮著

出版者

風媒社

巻号頁・発行日

2000

著者

小島 哲朗

出版者

The Ornithological Society of Japan

雑誌

鳥 (ISSN:00409480)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.79-80, pp.204-205, 1962-12-31 (Released:2009-02-26)

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A female Owstons' Varied Tit Parus varius owstoni, a dark race of Seven Is. of Izu had been kept by the author in Tokyo from October. In next September this bird moulted its plumage and acquired an entirely different colour which was almost exactly copious to the mainland race P. v. varius!The racial colour pattern in this species is therefore entirely climatic (though based only on an example). The measurements remained unchanged.

著者

小島 政和

出版者

公益社団法人日本オペレーションズ・リサーチ学会

雑誌

オペレーションズ・リサーチ : 経営の科学 (ISSN:00303674)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.24-28, 1987-01-01