著者

Tetsuichi Wazawa Takeharu Nagai

出版者

The Biophysical Society of Japan

雑誌

Biophysics and Physicobiology (ISSN:21894779)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.e200030, 2023 (Released:2023-07-12)

参考文献数

43

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Ion currents associated with channel proteins in the presence of membrane potential are ubiquitous in cellular and organelle membranes. When an ion current occurs through a channel protein, Joule heating should occur. However, this Joule heating seems to have been largely overlooked in biology. Here we show theoretical investigation of Joule heating involving channel proteins in biological processes. We used electrochemical potential to derive the Joule’s law for an ion current through an ion transport protein in the presence of membrane potential, and we suggest that heat production and absorption can occur. Simulation of temperature distribution around a single channel protein with the Joule heating revealed that the temperature increase was as small as <10–3 K, although an ensemble of channel proteins was suggested to exhibit a noticeable temperature increase. Thereby, we theoretically investigated the Joule heating of systems containing ensembles of channel proteins. Nerve is known to undergo rapid heat production followed by heat absorption during the action potential, and our simulation of Joule heating for a squid giant axon combined with the Hodgkin-Huxley model successfully reproduced the feature of the heat. Furthermore, we extended the theory of Joule heating to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a solute carrier family transporter, which is important to the non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria (BATM). Our calculations showed that the Joule heat involving UCP1 was comparable to the literature calorimetry data of BATM. Joule heating of ion transport proteins is likely to be one of important mechanisms of cellular thermogenesis.

著者

藤井 康彦 稲葉 頌一 稲田 英一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本集中治療医学会

雑誌

日本集中治療医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13407988)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.27-32, 2012-01-01 (Released:2012-07-10)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

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輸血後移植片対宿主病(graft-versus-host disease, GVHD)は免疫不全の患者にのみ発症すると考えられていたが,原病に免疫不全のない患者でも,human leukocyte antigen(HLA)一方向適合を主要な条件として発症することが明らかになった。日本人はHLAの多様性が少ないため,輸血後GVHD発症のリスクが高い。日本輸血・細胞治療学会は1992年に初めて「輸血によるGVHD予防のための血液に対する放射線照射ガイドライン」を公表し,2010年に4度目の改訂を行った。2000年以降,放射線照射血液製剤による輸血後GVHDの確定症例は確認されなくなった。しかし,2007年と2010年に日本輸血・細胞治療学会が実施した「輸血業務に関する総合アンケート調査」では,放射線未照射製剤を使用した施設が少なからず存在した。放射線照射ガイドラインによる予防対策は効を奏しているが,輸血後GVHDの重篤性や予防の必要性に対する認識が薄れる懸念があり,認識不足による予防の不徹底からの輸血後GVHDの発症は回避されるべきである。

著者

松永 伸太朗

出版者

関東社会学会

雑誌

年報社会学論集 (ISSN:09194363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2020, no.33, pp.6-13, 2020-07-31 (Released:2021-08-24)

参考文献数

12

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In the animation industry, a lot of creators, who have various specialties, cooperate to make up products. In particular, animators often do it although they don’t work in the same place and time. This paper addresses how they accomplish such cooperation without co-presense from the analysis of their work of drawing. The pictures which a sub-key animator drew in her labor process contain instructions for the animators in the subsequent process. These prevent them from a misunderstanding of the upper-process animators’ directions. In the same vein, she added drawing papers to make instructions without any rewards. These observations imply that animators orient to generate smooth cooperation, and we should understand the labor problems of animators from their systems of cooperation.

著者

國枝 正春

出版者

公益社団法人 日本マリンエンジニアリング学会

雑誌

日本舶用機関学会誌 (ISSN:03883051)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.59-64, 1987 (Released:2010-05-31)

著者

武田 真一郎

出版者

日本都市社会学会

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.18, pp.35-50, 2000-07-08 (Released:2011-02-07)

参考文献数

5

著者

利光 花菜美 林 大祐 矢野 文士 細石 真吾 徳田 誠

出版者

一般社団法人 日本昆虫学会

雑誌

昆蟲.ニューシリーズ (ISSN:13438794)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.87-94, 2022-09-25 (Released:2022-09-29)

参考文献数

19

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Ants play an important role in forest ecosystems in terms of biomass and various biological interactions, but non-destructive continuous observation of colonies is difficult for species nesting in trees. During the investigations of forest arboreal small mammals using wood nest boxes between January and December 2021, nestings of Camponotus kiusiuensis Santschi were observed at high frequencies in a census site on Mount Kyougatake, Saga Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the nesting site preference of C. kiusiuensis and conducted monthly observations of colony compositions from spring to winter. Among three types of nest boxes, small (500 cm3), medium (1,000 cm3), and large (2,000 cm3), C. kiusiuensis nested in the large nest boxes at significantly higher frequencies. Although the nest boxes were either set at low (1.5–2.0 m high) or high (3.5–4.0 m high) positions of trees, no significant differences were detected in the nesting sites between them. The number of colonies was the highest in April and it gradually decreased from spring to autumn. In the nest boxes in which colonies of C. kiusiuensis were continuously observed until autumn, the developmental stages of immature individuals inside were almost uniform: larvae were observed from April to June, pupae in July, and many adults including males and new alate queens were found in August and September. No or very few ant individuals were observed in October and November, suggesting that workers moved the larvae to other places in late autumn. Based on our observations, the arboreal nest boxes seem not to be suitable sites for overwintering.

著者

大西 楠テア

出版者

日本政治学会

雑誌

年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.2_42-2_59, 2022 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

39

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北ドイツ連邦およびドイツ帝国において、外交権は連邦に一元化されず、部分的に邦の外交権が留保された。これはアメリカ合衆国やスイスが邦の外交活動を禁じたのと対照的である。 北ドイツ連邦憲法の成立過程においては、可能な限り邦の主権を維持する形式での統一が目指され、邦が外交使節を派遣し、接受する権限は廃止されなかった。そのため、北ドイツ連邦およびドイツ帝国においては連邦と邦の複線的な外交ルートが存在し続けた。 帝政期の国法学説においては、連邦と邦の外交の複層性をいかに理解すべきかという点が論点となり、連邦国家論との関連で広く議論された。特に連邦外交に抵触する邦の行為をいかに阻止するかが問題となるが、ほとんどの学説が帝国の監督権を認めている。

著者

中島利一郎 著

出版者

古今書院

巻号頁・発行日

1941

著者

稲葉 智之

出版者

日本野生動物医学会

雑誌

日本野生動物医学会誌 (ISSN:13426133)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.93-100, 1999 (Released:2018-05-05)

被引用文献数

1

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骨格標本は, 現在まで多くの方法で作製されてきている。しかし, 交連標本も容易に作製できる, カツオブシムシに蚕食させて作る方法の概要についてはほとんど知られていない。頸椎以降の骨格も数多く残され, 貧弱な日本の標本が充実されるように, ムシを用いた骨格標本作製法の実際を紹介した。さらに, 骨格研究の参考資料となるよう, 哺乳動物のみであるが著者の所蔵する骨格標本目録を作成した。

著者

磯 舜也 今藤 勇 酒井 優

出版者

日本海水学会

雑誌

日本海水学会誌 (ISSN:03694550)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.211-227, 1981 (Released:2013-02-19)

参考文献数

17

著者

大坂 瑞子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本血栓止血学会

雑誌

日本血栓止血学会誌 (ISSN:09157441)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.6, pp.665-671, 2021 (Released:2021-12-25)

参考文献数

34

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近年,好中球はがんの進行において重要な役割を果たすと認識されている.好中球は環境や刺激によって多彩な表現型を持つように変化する.特に,好中球細胞外トラップ(neutrophil extracellular traps: NETs)という新しい好中球の形態が発見されてから,がんにおけるNETsの関与や役割について研究が進んでいる.転移に関する報告が多数あり,新しいバイオマーカー,治療標的の可能性が見出されている.この総説では,腫瘍の進展と転移におけるNETsの役割について最新の知見を含めて解説する.

著者

澤井 元伸 上田 憲嗣 髙橋 智恵莉

出版者

日本体育測定評価学会

雑誌

体育測定評価研究 (ISSN:13471309)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jjtehpe.HPM202307, (Released:2023-12-08)

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a test that can assess the distribution skills of soccer goalkeepers and to then test its reliability and validity. Methods: A goalkeeper-distribution skills assessment test (G-DAT) was developed that improved on the previous situational judgment skills test. As a validation procedure, we conducted a reliability test on 30 high-school and college soccer players using the test-retest reliability. In addition, the G-DAT was validated using criterion-related validity by comparing the results of the G-DAT with those of existing situational judgment skills tests. Results and Discussion: In the reliability test of the G-DAT, only the GK group showed high reliability (Cohen’s Κ=0.6-1.0). In addition, validity testing showed high validity in the situational awareness and total scores of the G-DAT. Conclusion: These results indicate that the G-DAT developed in this study is reliable and valid as a test for assessing the distribution skills of goalkeepers.

著者

帝国興信所 編

出版者

帝国興信所

巻号頁・発行日

vol.大正11年(第11版), 1922

著者

藤井 陽一

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.44, pp.70-86, 2015 (Released:2017-08-18)

参考文献数

69

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This article is devoted to examining the formation of Soviet bioethics since the 1970s by focusing on the activities and viewpoints of Ivan Frolov, who played a prominent role in laying the ground-work for this interdisciplinary study, and who would later become an adviser to the General Secretary of the CPSU in the Gorbachev era. In doing so, this paper aims to demonstrate the differences between the Soviet bioethics and that of the Western school of thought, as well as to identify the shortcomings of Frolov’s attempt to establish the field in the USSR. Soon after Trofim Lysenko’s group lost its power in the Soviet academic community in 1964, not only the field of genetics but also eugenics were resurrected with a new look supported by leading-edge molecular biological and genetic engineering; which had hitherto been developed mainly in the West. In 1970, the Soviet journal “Questions of Philosophy” held a round-table discussion chaired by Frolov with the title “Human Genetics, and its Philosophical, Social-Ethical Problems”. There an embryologist, a general geneticist, a demographer, as well as an ethicist and philosophers argued over the social-ethical aspects of science, especially in regard to gene manipulation and neo-eugenics. Today this round-table is regarded as the main origin of the Soviet, —and later— Russian bioethics. Since the 1970s, influenced by a global trend towards regulating recombinant DNA experiments, and opposition to human enhancement, Frolov published his works. These introduced the new world currents in genetic engineering and neo-eugenics; criticised human enhancement from the Marxist paradigm of the “new human”, whose personality must be developed all-roundly; supported the Western scholars, who were struggling against neo-eugenics; and appealed for the necessity of an international approach to controlling biology and genetics. At the same time, the Soviet bio-philosopher developed networks of contacts within UNESCO alongside US bioethics institutes, and gave presentations on the socio-ethical aspects of genome science for those foreign associates. Since the middle of the 1980s until the 1990s, Frolov made attempts to get Soviet bioethics recognised by his Western counterparts, by forming a panel of experts engaged in bioethics in various areas. As a result, Soviet bioethics, based on talks among biologists, doctors, philosophers, lawyers, in addition to an Orthodox priest, was established at the end of 1980s. In April of 1991, the Soviet national bioethics committee was established in the Soviet Academy of Sciences in the wake of Frolov’s appeal to the Presidium. In May, the International Meeting on Bioethics and the Social Consequences of Biomedical Research was held in Moscow under the auspices of UNESCO. Therefore, it is indeed clear that Frolov contributed to the foundation of bioethics in the Soviet academic community, but he failed in his moral obligation to develop an interest in bioethics amongst the general public, and to involve them in the debate, whereas in the West national debates centring on bioethics had been flourishing since the 1970s. The result of Frolov’s ignorance was evident in a 1993 survey, which demonstrated broad support for neo-eugenic treatments by the Russian populace. Now Boris Yudin, Frolov’s successor, highlights the importance of familiarising oneself with this theme and inspiring popular debate on the topic through mass media and education.

著者

松塚 展門 和田 章

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会構造系論文集 (ISSN:13404202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.814, pp.1655-1664, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-01)

参考文献数

10

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The Kintaikyo in Iwakuni-City, which spans the Nishiki-River in Yamaguchi Prefecture, was built in 1673. The design of the arch of this bridge was studied. It was assumed that the arch of this bridge were designed in arch coordinates with multiple catenary. As a result, the design theory of this bridge was derived for the first time. The multiple catenary was identified from the Kintaikyo in Heisei, and The new Kintaikyo drawing for KAKEKAE was created that is harmony and orderly. Based on this drawing, it was proved that a harmony and orderly bridge can be realized by 3D-CG.

著者

豊田 有 石垣 竜 嶌村 泰人 河合 よーたり 長屋 良典 丸橋 珠樹 MALAIVIJITNOND Suchinda

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.81-85, 2019 (Released:2020-02-14)

参考文献数

13

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The stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, is the most distinctive in its genus with respect to reproductive anatomy and sexual behavior. Male-male mounting behaviors have been mentioned in many reports; however, ejaculation has not yet been recorded. Herein, we report a very rare case of ejaculation in the context of male-male mounting in wild stump-tailed macaques in Khao Krapuk Khao Taomor Non-hunting Area, Thailand. The behavior was observed during documentary filming of the animals. Daily observations were conducted for 28 days from July 4th to 31st, 2018, from 8 am to 6 pm. This rare behavior was documented on July 12th, while following and filming the Wngklm group. A young male of this group, WKM-M33, and a young male of another group (Fourth group), FTH-M33, started mounting. Initially, this mounting seemed to be social interaction in the context of a group encounter. However, after a thrust of a few seconds, the mounter, WKM-M33, exhibited ejaculated-like behavior. The mountee, FTH-M33, exhibited teeth-chattering behavior and touched the mounter's genital area. After completion of the mounting, whitish semen dropped to the ground and was eaten by WKM-M33. Then, WKM-M33 squeezed out sperm from the erect penis and ate it. We were therefore convinced that the mounter, WKM-M33, had ejaculated at the time of mounting. Although it is dificult to draw a definitive conclusion because it is a single case report, we propose two possible interpretations: 1) accidental case owing to extreme tension from group encounters during social interaction or 2) homosexual behavior between males with little access to females.

著者

TSENG Wang-Ling HONG Chi-Cherng LEE Ming-Ying HSU Huang-Hsiung CHANG Chi-Chun

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-071, (Released:2020-10-07)

被引用文献数

4

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In July and August (JA) 2018, the monsoon trough in the western North Pacific (WNP) was unusually strong, the anticyclonic ridge was anomalously northward-shifted, and enhanced and northward-shifted tropical cyclone activity was observed. Studies have examined the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the North Atlantic (NA), the Indian Ocean (IO), and the tropical North Pacific. However, a synthetic view of SST forcings has yet to be identified. Based on a series of numerical experiments, this study demonstrated that the SST anomaly in the tropical WNP was the key forcing that formed the structure of the observed anomalous phenomena in the monsoon trough. Moreover, the combined effect of the SST anomaly in both the tropical and extratropical WNP resulted in enhanced circulation anomalies in the WNP. The NA SST anomaly also enhanced the monsoon trough in the presence of WNP SST anomaly. By contrast, the individual SST anomaly in the NA, IO, the extratropical WNP, and the subtropical eastern North Pacific could not force the enhanced monsoon trough. We proposed that the local effect of both the tropical and extratropical WNP SST anomaly as the major driver and the remote effect of NA SST anomaly as a minor contributor jointly induced the anomalous circulation and climate extremes in the WNP during JA 2018.

著者

酒井 理恵

出版者

日本医学教育学会

雑誌

医学教育 (ISSN:03869644)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.4, pp.229-232, 2011-08-25 (Released:2013-03-25)

参考文献数

6

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1)ハーバード大学公衆衛生大学院の修士課程に在籍し,米国にて公衆衛生を学ぶ機会を得た.2)ハーバード大学公衆衛生学大学院では,学生の意欲に任された教育体制になっており,このような教育システムの違いについて学ぶことも,今後,教育者,指導者になる上で参考になると思われた.3)米国での公衆衛生学修士課程では,医学研究者であればどの分野でも必要とされる生物統計学や疫学について学ぶことができ,医師のキャリア形成の中で一つの選択肢となると感じた.

著者

上田 善武 紀 隆雄

出版者

社団法人 日本金属学会

雑誌

日本金属学会会報 (ISSN:00214426)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.9, pp.896-898, 1987-09-20 (Released:2011-08-10)

参考文献数

15

著者

柴田 重信

出版者

一般社団法人 日本呼吸ケア・リハビリテーション学会

雑誌

日本呼吸ケア・リハビリテーション学会誌 (ISSN:18817319)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.30-34, 2022-12-26 (Released:2022-12-26)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

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まず呼吸ケアリハビリテーションと体内時計の関連性があるか否かについて考えてみよう.時計遺伝子は呼吸器にも発現していることから,呼吸機能に日内リズムが見られることになる.実際,安静時の呼吸数には日内リズムが存在し,気管支喘息の発症は明け方に多いという日内リズムがあり,時差ボケの状態では喘息発作が悪化することが知られている.したがって,健全な生活リズムの維持の下で呼吸ケアリハビリテーションを行うことが重要であろう.ところで体内時計は視交叉上核に主時計があり,それ以外の脳には脳時計が,末梢臓器である肺,肝臓,骨格筋・骨には末梢時計がある.体内時計と運動(時間運動学)や体内時計と食・栄養(時間栄養学)の関係について知り,これらの学問が作業療法などを含む呼吸ケアリハビリテーションの実施に如何に役立てるかについて考えることにする.以下に時間栄養や時間運動に関する総説1,2,3,4,5)や著書6)を挙げておく.